Fundamental Operations基本操作

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1、Chapter2FundamentalOperationsofBoneMachiningCurrently,themajorityofconventionalorthopedicsurgeriesadoptedforshapingandformingbonesinvolvethecontactmethodsbasedoncontrolledmechanicalfrac-turing(chipping)ofthebones.Thefundamentaloperationsinvolvedinmechanicalfrac

2、turingofbonearedrilling,sawing,grinding/abrasivemachining,andmilling.Thevariousmethodsdesignedformechanicallyshapingandformingbonesduringortho-pedicsurgeriesintheclinicalenvironmentareeitherbasedonsingleorcombinationsofthesefundamentaloperations.Theexamplesofme

3、thodsbasedoncombinator-ialfundamentaloperationsare:ultrasonic,pneumatic,andhydraulicmachining.Inadditiontothesemechanicaloperations/methods,severalnon-contactthermalpho-ton/electronenergybasedtechniquesarealsobeingresearchedfortheirpossibleuseinorthopedicsurger

4、ies.Thethermalenergy-(bone)materialinteractionraisesitstem-peraturetothemeltingorvaporizationtemperaturedependinguponthemagnitudeofthethermalenergyandphoton/electronenergy-materialinteractioncharacteristics.Thusabonecanbeshapedandformedbyremovalofthebonemateria

5、lthroughcontrolledmeltingand/orvaporization.Thenon-contactthermalmachiningtech-niques/methodsbasedonphotonic/electronenergythatarebeingexploredinbonemachiningincludebutnotlimitedtolaser,microwave,andionbeammachining.Thepurposeofthischapteristopresentonlythefund

6、amentalprinciplesbehindmechan-icalandthermaloperationsinremoval(machining)ofmaterialingeneral.Whereas,theimplementationofthesefundamentaloperationsandmethods/techniquespartic-ularlyformachiningofbonesaredescribedindetailinChaps.3,4,and5.2.1DrillingDrillingisaba

7、sicmachiningoperationtocutaholeintosolidmaterial.Itcanbefurtherextendedtoenlargepreviouslydrilledholesandinthatcasetheoperationcanbedescribedascoredrillingorcounterdrilling/boring.Ifthesamedrillisemployedtocutaholeoftwoormorediameters,theoperationistermedasstep

8、drilling.For©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland201623N.B.DahotreandS.S.Joshi,MachiningofBoneandHardTissues,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-39158-8_2242FundamentalOperationsofBo