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1、FundamentalsofPhysicsCHAPTER1MEASUREMENT1-1MeasuringThings1.Physicsisbasedonmeasurement.2.AphysicalquantityisdefinedbysettingupaSTANDARDandassigningaUNITtoit.3.Scientistsaroundthewordwillagreethatyourdefinitionis(1)sensible(2)practical(3)accessible(4)invariable(5)re
2、producible(6)indestructible1-2TheInternationalSystemofUnits1.Metricsystem-SIFundamentalsofPhysicsFranchname:SystèmeInternationaled’unités1.SEVEVfundamental(basebasic)SIunitsP.Q.UNITABBREVIATIONlengthmetermmasskilogramkgtimesecondselectriccurrentampereAtemperaturekel
3、vinKluminousintensitycandelacdamountofsubstancemolemolThesupplementaryunitsplaneangleradianradsolidanglesteradiansr2.ScientificnotationandSIprefixes1-1ThreeBasicStandards1.LENGTHThemeteristhelengthofthepathtraveledbylightinvacuumduringatimeintervalof1/299,792,458ofa
4、second.FundamentalsofPhysics1.TIMEOnesecondisthetimeoccupiedby9,192,631,770vibrationsofthelight(ofaspecifiedwavelength)emittedbyacesium-133atom.2.MASS(1)aplatinum-iridiumcylinder(2)asecondmassstandardItisthecarbon-12atomwhich,byinternationalagreement,hasbeenassigned
5、amassof12unifiedatomicmassunits(abbr.U).1-1ChangingUnitsChain-linkconversionsCHAPTER2MOTIONINASTRAIGHTLINE2-1Motion1.KinematicsanddynamicsFundamentalsofPhysics1.ParticleEverysmallpartoftheobject(everyatomsay)movesinexactlythesameway.2-1Speed,velocityandacceleration1
6、.Averagespeed,velocityandacceleration2.Instantaneousspeed,velocityandacceleration3.Speedisascalarandalwayspositive;velocityandaccelerationarevectorsandcanbepositiveornegative.2-2FreefallingobjectsWhenafallingobjectisfreeofallrestraint(nofriction,airetc.),andfallsund
7、ertheinfluenceofgravityalone,theobjectisinastateofFREEFALL,whichmeansfallinginavacuum,sothatthefrictionresistanceandbuoyanteffectoftheairdonotaffectthemotion.2-3ThestructureofmatterAllordinarymatterthatweencounterismadeofATOMSwhich,inturn,arecomposedofELECTRONS,PROT
8、ONS,andFundamentalsofPhysicsNEUTRONS.Theatomsofaparticularchemicalelementallhaveacertainnumber(theATOMICNUMBERZoftheelement)ofprotonsinthe
