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1、CognitiveScience31(2007)355384CopyrightC2007CognitiveScienceSociety,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Typicality,GradedMembership,andVaguenessJamesA.HamptonPsychologyDepartment,CityUniversity,LondonReceived25May2004;receivedinrevisedform12September2006;accepted20September2006Abstract
2、Thispaperaddressestheoreticalproblemsarisingfromthevaguenessoflanguageterms,andintu-itionsofthevaguenessoftheconceptstowhichtheyrefer.Itisarguedthatthecentralintuitionsofprototypetheoryaresufficienttoaccountforbothtypicalityphenomenaandpsychologicalintuitionsaboutdegreesofm
3、embershipinvaguelydefinedclasses.Thefirstsectionexplainstheimportanceoftherelationbetweendegreesofmembershipandtypicality(orgoodnessofexample)inconceptualcat-egorization.ThesecondandthirdsectionaddressargumentsadvancedbyOshersonandSmith(1997),andKampandPartee(1995),thatthetw
4、onotionsofdegreeofmembershipandtypicalitymustrelatetofundamentallydifferentaspectsofconceptualrepresentations.AversionofprototypetheorytheThresholdModelisproposedtocountertheseargumentsandthreepossiblesolutionstotheproblemsoflogicalselfcontradictionandtautologyforvaguecate
5、gorizationsareoutlined.Inthefinalsectiongradedmembershipisrelatedtothesocialconstructionofconceptualboundariesmaintainedthroughlanguageuse.Keywords:Vagueness;Logic;Prototypes;Gradedmembership;Fuzzylogic;Conceptualcombination;Concepts;Categories1.Vaguenessinlogicandpsycholog
6、yAvagueconceptisaconceptthatpicksoutacategorywithnoclearlydefinedboundary(seeKeefe&Smith,1997forareviewoftheoriesofvagueness).ClassicalexamplesaretheconceptslabelledbyadjectivessuchasBALD,TALL,orRED,andnounssuchasCHAIRorVEGETABLE(Rosch,1975).Thereisarguablynopreciseheightat
7、whichamanorwomanbecomestall,andsotheclassTALLMENisnotawell-definedset;consequentlythetruthofastatementsuchasJohnistallmaybeinsomesenseundecidableifJohnisofintermediateheight.VagueconceptsarealsosusceptibletoZenosinfamoussoritesparadox.Ifamanwhois1mtallisclearlynottall,thenn
8、orisamanwhois1.0001mtall.Ingeneral,ifamanwhoisxmeterstallisclearlynottall,thennorisamanwh
