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1、CultureandManagementAPrecisofGeertHofstede’sIdeasaboutCultureandOrganizationsCulture’sConsequences:InternationalDifferencesinWork-RelatedValues,BeverlyHills,CA:SagePublications,1980.CulturesandOrganizations:SoftwareoftheMind.London:McGraw-Hill,1991.AgendaWhyCultu
2、reandManagement?Hofstede’sMethodTheFourDimensionsLaterRefinementsCritiqueWhyCultureandManagement?ManagersarehumansandexistinculturesTheymakedecisions,haverituals,heroes,anduseandunderstandsymbols.Hencetheymustbeinfluencedbysomethingotherthanmereinstinctorbiology“
3、Culture”Patternsofthinking,feelingandactingMentalsoftware,“SoftwareoftheMind.”Sourceissocialenvironments,almostcertainlyfromchildhoodCultureislearned,notinheritedValuesParentsConceptLadderMalleabilityBeliefsPeers,HeroesAttitudesRelationshipsOpinionsExperienceKnow
4、ledgeExperienceBehaviorRealityPersonalDefinitionSymbolsHeroesRitualsHofstede’sViewofCultureValuesPracticesHofstede’sQuestionWhatarethecomponentsofculture,asmallsetofdimensionsorcharacteristics,thatenableustoclassifyculture-in-the-large(atanationallevel)?Anddonati
5、onsdifferandcantheybeclusteredintoculturally-similarnations?Whathedidn’task:Canwecapturecultureinasmallsetofdimensions?Isculturestable?Isitacharacteristicofindividuals?Dopeopleenactcultureorhaveitsetonthem?Hofstede’sMethodLate60s,questionnairesweredistributedtoth
6、ousandsofIBMemployeesworldwide.Theyansweredthequestionsaboutworkmodes,methods,andmeaningsondesirableanddesiredsituationsandcharacteristicsTheresultsweresubjectedtofactoranalysis.QuestionswerebasedonpriorworkonculturebyInkelesandLevinson(asociologistandpsychologis
7、t)FactorAnalysisGoalistoreduce,statistically,thenumberofdimensionsittakestodescribeaphenomenoncompletelywhilelosingaslittleinformationaspossible.Thefollowingexampleshowshowfactoranalysiswouldreducewhatlookslikeatwodimensionaldistributiontoonlyonedimension:Age+Wea
8、lth=?HowOLDareyou?HowMuchMoneyareyouworth?AgeandWortharecloselyrelated,somuchsothatifyouknowone,youcanestimatetheother…Age+Wealth=ONEDimensionTheredlinesindica
