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1、Anim.Behav.,1995,49,1345±1365SexualcoercioninanimalsocietiesT.H.CLUTTON-BROCK*&G.A.PARKER²*LargeAnimalResearchGroup,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCambridge,DowningStreet,CambridgeCB23EJ,U.K.²PopulationBiologyResearchGroup,DepartmentofEnvironmental&EvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofLiv
2、erpool,BrownlowStreet,LiverpoolL693BX,U.K.(Received16February1994;initialacceptance28April1994;®nalacceptance22June1994;MS.number:4595)Abstract.Inawiderangeofanimalspecies,malescoercefemalestomatewiththem,eitherbyphysicallyforcingthemtomate,byharassingthemuntiltheymateorbypunishingper
3、sistentrefusaltomate.The®rstsectionofthispaperarguesthatthepossibilityofforcedcopulationcangeneratearmsracesbetweenmalesandfemalesthatmayhavesubstantialcoststobothsexes.Inthesecondsection,itissuggestedthatsexualharassmentcommonlyrepresentsa`warofattrition'betweenthesexes;existinggamet
4、heorymodelsthatmayapplytosexualcon¯ictovermatingdecisionsarereviewed.Thethirdsectiondevelopsasimpleprospectivemodelfortheevolutionofintimidationbypunishmentinsituationswheremalescanraisetheprobabilitythatfemaleswillaccepttheiradvancesinfuturebypunishingthemforrefusaltomate.Wheretheben
5、e®tsofsexualcoerciontomalesarehigh,allthreemalestrategiesmaydeveloptoapointwheretheyhavesubstantialcoststofemales.Inthe®nalsection,evidencethatfemalebehaviourisadaptedtominimizingthesecostsisreviewed.Inthegreatmajorityofanimalspecies,malesmalespunishfemalesthatrefusetomatewithinvestle
6、ssintheirprogenythanfemales(Triversthem,therebyraisingthechancesthattheywill1972).Malesconsequentlyhavehigherpotentialacceptthemasmatesatsomestageinthefuture.ratesofreproduction(Clutton-Brock&ParkerTherearetheoreticalreasonstoexpectthat1992),theoperationalsexratioisusuallybiasedsexual
7、coercionwillbewidespreadandmayoftentowardsmales(Emlen&Oring1977)andmaleshavehighcoststofemales,althoughinsomecasesaretheprincipalcompetitorsformates.theusualsexrolesmaybereversed.Inthispaper,Interestinsexualselectionhasfocusedontwowereviewareasoftheoryrelevanttothesethreewaysinwhichma
8、lesco
