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1、NIHPublicAccessAuthorManuscriptChemRev.Authormanuscript;availableinPMC2014July17.NIH-PAAuthorManuscriptPublishedinfinaleditedformas:NIH-PAAuthorManuscriptNIH-PAAuthorManuscriptChemRev.2012May9;112(5):2739–2779.doi:10.1021/cr2001178.GoldNanoparticlesinChemica
2、landBiologicalSensingKrishnenduSaha,SaritS.Agasti,ChaekyuKim,XiaoningLi,andVincentM.Rotello*DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofMassachusettsAmherst,710NorthPleasantStreet,Amherst,MA01003,USA1.IntroductionDetectionofchemicalandbiologicalagentsplaysafundamental
3、roleinbiomedical,forensicandenvironmentalsciences1–4aswellasinantibioterrorismapplications.5–7Thedevelopmentofhighlysensitive,costeffective,miniaturesensorsisthereforeinhighdemandwhichrequiresadvancedtechnologycoupledwithfundamentalknowledgeinchemistry,biolo
4、gyandmaterialsciences.8–13Ingeneral,sensorsfeaturetwofunctionalcomponents:arecognitionelementtoprovideselective/specificbindingwiththetargetanalytesandatransducercomponentforsignalingthebindingevent.Anefficientsensorreliesheavilyonthesetwoessentialcomponents
5、fortherecognitionprocessintermsofresponsetime,signaltonoise(S/N)ratio,selectivityandlimitsofdetection(LOD).14,15Therefore,designingsensorswithhigherefficacydependsonthedevelopmentofnovelmaterialstoimproveboththerecognitionandtransductionprocesses.Nanomateria
6、lsfeatureuniquephysicochemicalpropertiesthatcanbeofgreatutilityincreatingnewrecognitionandtransductionprocessesforchemicalandbiologicalsensors15–27aswellasimprovingtheS/Nratiobyminiaturizationofthesensorelements.28Goldnanoparticles(AuNPs)possessdistinctphysi
7、calandchemicalattributesthatmakethemexcellentscaffoldsforthefabricationofnovelchemicalandbiologicalsensors(Figure1).29–36First,AuNPscanbesynthesizedinastraightforwardmannerandcanbemadehighlystable.Second,theypossessuniqueoptoelectronicproperties.Third,theypr
8、ovidehighsurface-to-volumeratiowithexcellentbiocompatibilityusingappropriateligands.30Fourth,thesepropertiesofAuNPscanbereadilytunedvaryingtheirsize,shapeandthesurroundingchemicalenvironment.For
