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1、ReflectionsonTrustingTrustKenThompsonReprintedfromCommunicationoftheACM,Vol.27,No.8,August1984,pp.761-763.Copyright©1984,AssociationforComputingMachinery,Inc.AlsoappearsinACMTuringAwardLectures:TheFirstTwentyYears1965-1985Copyright©1987bytheACMpressandComputersUnderAttack:Intruders,Worms,
2、andVirusesCopyright©1990bytheACMpress.ThisisadigitizedcopyderivedfromanACMcopyrightedwork.Itisnotguaranteedtobeanaccuratecopyoftheauthor'soriginalwork.IntroductionIthanktheACMforthisaward.Ican'thelpbutfeelthatIamreceivingthishonorfortimingandserendipityasmuchastechnicalmerit.UNIXsweptinto
3、popularitywithanindustry-widechangefromcentralmainframestoautonomousminis.IsuspectthatDanielBobrow(1)wouldbehereinsteadofmeifhecouldnotaffordaPDP-10andadhadto"settle"foraPDP-11.Moreover,thecurrentstateofUNIXistheresultofthelaborsofalargenumberofpeople.Thereisanoldadage,"Dancewiththeonetha
4、tbroughtyou,"whichmeansthatIshouldtalkaboutUNIX.IhavenotworkedonmainstreamUNIXinmanyyears,yetIcontinuetogetundeservedcreditfortheworkofothers.Therefore,IamnotgoingtotalkaboutUNIX,butIwanttothankeveryonewhohascontributed.ThatbringsmetoDennisRitchie.Ourcollaborationhasbeenathingofbeauty.Int
5、hetenyearsthatwehaveworkedtogether,Icanrecallonlyonecaseofmiscoordinationofwork.Onthatoccasion,Idiscoveredthatwebothhadwrittenthesame20-lineassemblylanguageprogram.Icomparedthesourcesandwasastoundedtofindthattheymatchedcharacter-for-character.Theresultofourworktogetherhasbeenfargreatertha
6、ntheworkthatweeachcontributed.Iamaprogrammer.Onmy1040form,thatiswhatIputdownasmyoccupation.Asaprogrammer,Iwriteprograms.IwouldliketopresenttoyouthecutestprogramIeverwrote.Iwilldothisinthreestagesandtrytobringittogetherattheend.StageIIncollege,beforevideogames,wewouldamuseourselvesbyposing
7、programmingexercises.Oneofthefavoriteswastowritetheshortestself-reproducingprogram.Sincethisisanexercisedivorcedfromreality,theusualvehiclewasFORTRAN.Actually,FORTRANwasthelanguageofchoiceforthesamereasonthatthree-leggedracesarepopular.Morepreciselystated,theproblem
