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1、IEEETRANSACTIONSONCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMS,VOL.CAS-21,NO.3,MAY19%317RecentAdvancesinMonolithicOperationalAmplifierDesignPAULR.GRAYANDROBERTG.MEYER,MEMBER,IEEEInvitedPaperAbstract-Thestateoftheartinmonolithicoperationalamplifierdesignissurveyed.Asetoflarge-andsmall-signalperfor
2、manceparametersaredefinedanddiscussed.Relationshipsbetweentheim-portantoperationalamplifierparametersofslewrate,offsetvoltage,andunitygainbandwidtharedemonstrated.Thedependenceofsettlingtimeuponthefinestructureoftheopen-loopfrequencyresponseisdiscussed,andtherecenttechno
3、logicalandcicuitdesignapproachestotheminimizationofsettlingtimearereviewed.I.INTR~DDCTI~NINCEthe.introductionofthefirstmonolothicopera-Fig.1.Theopampasasix-terminaldevice.Stionalamplifier(opamp)in1963,theiruseinpracticalcircuitandsystemdesignhasgrownsteadily;in1972,forII
4、.SPECIFICATIONOFOPAMPBEHAVIORexample,$50millionwasspentintheUnitedStatesforTheobjectiveofthissectionistodefineasetofbasicmonolithicopamps.Becauseofthecontinuallyfallingparameterswhichcharacterizethesmall-andlarge-signalcostofmonolithicopamps,theirroleasactiveanalogperfor
5、manceofanopamp,andwhichreflectthemeaningcircuitcomponentsmightbecomparedtothatofsiliconmostcommonlyattachedtotheparameters.Ineachcase,transistorsintheearly1960’s.Theeaseofapplicationofopthepracticaldifficultiesinvolvedinmeasuringtheparticularampsinsuchfieldsasactivefilte
6、rs,controlsystems,andparameterarediscussed.instrumentationhasmadetheopampamuchmorewidelyThedifferentialinput,single-endedoutputopampcanusedgainblockthanotheralternativessuchasgyratorsorbecharacterizedasasix-terminalnonlinearactivecircuitnegativeimpedanceconverters.asshow
7、ninFig.1.WhileexternalcomponentssuchasTheparticularproblemsofopampcircuitdesignhavecompensationcapacitorsandoffsetadjustmentpotentio-notreceivedwideattentionfromcircuittheoristsinthepast,metersareoftenrequired,theseelementscanberegardedperhapsbecauseinthespectrumoftransi
8、storcircuits,opasbeingcontainedwithinthecircuit.Itisconvenient,fromampsrepresentonlyanarrow,specialized
