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1、Rateoflanguageevolutionisaffectedbypopulationsizea,1,2a,1b,1b,c,1LindellBromham,XiaHua,ThomasG.Fitzpatrick,andSimonJ.GreenhillaCentreforMacroevolutionandMacroecology,DivisionofEcology,Evolution,andGenetics,ResearchSchoolofBiology,AustralianNationalUniversity,bCanberra,ACT
2、0200,Australia;SchoolofCulture,HistoryandLanguage,ANUCollegeofAsiaandthePacific,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,ACTc0200,Australia;andARCCentreofExcellencefortheDynamicsofLanguage,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,ACT0200,AustraliaEditedbyTomokoOhta,NationalInst
3、ituteofGenetics,Mishima,Japan,andapprovedDecember29,2014(receivedforreviewOctober14,2014)Theeffectofpopulationsizeonpatternsandratesoflanguagetoexploretheconsequencesofpopulationsizeonratesoflanguageevolutioniscontroversial.Dolanguageswithlargerspeakerpopula-evolution;how
4、ever,suchmodelsunavoidablyrequireprioras-tionschangefasterduetoagreatercapacityforinnovation,ordosumptionsaboutthewaylanguagechangediffusesthroughpop-smallerpopulationschangefasterduetomoreefficientdiffusionofulations(4,6).Testsofpopulationsizeeffectshavesofarbeeninnovati
5、ons?Dosmallerpopulationssuffergreaterlossoflanguageequivocalandhavebeenlimitedbytheavailabilityofappropriateelementsthroughfoundereffectsordrift,ordolanguageswithdataandmethodology(3,7,22).Inparticular,similaritiesandmorespeakerslosefeaturesduetoaprocessofsimplification?d
6、ifferencesacrosslanguagescannotbecomparedasiftheywereRevealingtheinfluenceofpopulationsizeonthetempoandmodestatisticallyindependentdatapoints,becausecloselyrelatedlan-oflanguageevolutionnotonlywillclarifyunderlyingmechanismsguagesareexpectedtobesimilarinmanyaspects.Thishi
7、erar-oflanguagechangebutalsohaspracticalimplicationsforthewaychicalpatternofsimilaritiescanconfoundattemptstofindcausalthatlanguagedataareusedtoreconstructthehistoryofhumancorrelationsbetweenaspectsofhumanlanguageandculturebycultures.Here,weprovide,toourknowledge,thefirst
8、empirical,creatingspuriouscorrelations,amethodologicalchallengesome-statisticallyrobusttestofthe
