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1、JournalofTheElectrochemicalSociety,158(8)R55-R79(2011)R550013-4651/2011/158(8)/R55/25/$28.00VCTheElectrochemicalSocietyCRITICALREVIEWSinElectrochemicalandSolid-StateScienceandTechnologyProgressinFlowBatteryResearchandDevelopmentM.Skyllas-Kazacos,a,*,zM.H.Chakrabarti,bS.A.Hajimo
2、lana,bF.S.Mjalli,cdandM.SaleemaSchoolofChemicalEngineering,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052bDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur50603,MalaysiacPetroleumandChemicalEngineeringDepartment,SultanQaboosUniversity,Musc
3、at123,OmandPrincipalEngineer,KarachiInstituteofPowerEngineering,Karachi75400,PakistanThepastfewdecadeshaveshownarapidandcontinuousexhaustionoftheavailableenergyresourceswhichmayleadtoseriousenergyglobalcrises.Researchershavebeenfocusingondevelopingnewandrenewableenergyresources
4、tomeettheincreasingfueldemandandreducegreenhousegasemissions.Asurgeofresearcheffortisalsobeingdirectedtowardsreplacingfossilfuelbasedvehicleswithhybridandelectricalternatives.Energystorageisnowseenasacriticalelementinfuturesmartgridandelec-tricvehicleapplications.Electrochemica
5、lenergystoragesystemsofferthebestcombinationofefficiency,costandflexibility,withredoxflowbatterysystemscurrentlyleadingthewayinthisaspect.Inthiswork,apanoramicoverviewispresentedforthevariousredoxflowbatterysystemsandtheirhybridalternatives.Relevantpublishedworkisreportedandcritica
6、llydiscussed.Acomprehensivestudyoftheavailabletechnologiesisconductedintermsoftechnicalaspectsaswellaseconomicandenvironmen-talconsequences.Someoftheflowbatterylimitationsandtechnicalchallengesarealsodiscussedandarangeoffurtherresearchopportunitiesarepresented.Oftheflowbatterytec
7、hnologiesthathavebeeninvestigated,theall-vanadiumredoxflowbatteryhasreceivedthemostattentionandhasshownmostpromiseinvariouspre-commercialtocommercialstationaryapplicationstodate,whilenewdevelopmentsinhybridredoxfuelcellsarepromisingtoleadthewayforfutureapplicationsinmechanically
8、andelec-tricallyrefuelableelectricvehicles.VC2011TheEl
