前提 Presupposition 讲义

《前提 Presupposition 讲义》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、ChapterTenPresuppositionⅠ.Thedevelopmentofpresupposition：philosophy→semantics→pragmatics1.1Philosophicalorigin:1.Fregethinksthat“人们在通过一句句子做出声音时，必然存在显而易见的前提。即在声言中的专有名词必有所指。”EG:(1)MarilynMonroediedinmisery.(2)MarilynMonroeexisted.(presupposition)(3)MarilynMonr

2、oedidn’tdieinmisery.2.InFrege’sopiniontherearethreepointsinpresupposition：（1）指称短语和（例如）时间分句均有所指，因而具有前提。（2）一个句子和它的否定形式具有同样的前提。（3）句子或声音，无论真实或谬误，其前提必然成立。1.2Semanticpresupposition:1.Linguistsregardpresuppositionasasemanticrelationshipbetweentwopropositions.(两个语义命

3、题之间的一种关系)【扩展】：Entailment（蕴含）isakindofsemanticrelationship.Whenaistrue,bisnecessarilytrue;Whenaisfalse,bmaybetrueorfalse.即如果在任何使A真实的情况下，B也都真实，那么A语义上蕴含B.EG：(1).Thatpersonisabachelor.(2).Thatpersonisaman.2.Thedefinitionofpresuppositionismadebycomparedwithentail

4、ment.Accordingtothedifference,linguistsoftenusenegationtest（否定测试法）.Thatiswhenaistrue,bisnecessarilytrue;whenaisfalse,bisstilltrue.EG:(1):Johnismarried.(2):Johnexists.(presupposition)(3):Johnisnotmarried.3.Asentencemayhasthreekindsofmeanings：assertedmeaning(声

5、言意义),entailedmeaning(蕴含意义),presupposedmeaning(前提).(1)Johnhasasister.(2)Johnhasafemalesibling.(assertion)(3)John’sparentshadmorethanonechild.(entailment)(4)Johnexists.(presupposition)4.Yulemadeaconclusionabouttheentailmentandpresupposition.Similarities：Theyar

6、etheinformationthatcanbedeliveredbythespeaker,buttheinformationdon’texpresseddirectlyintheprocessofcommunication.Theyaregiveninformation(已知信息).Differences:Thepresuppositionsexistsinspeaker’sconcept;theentailmentexistsinthesentence’sconceptThus,thespeakerspos

7、sesspresupposition,thesentencespossessentailment.1.3Pragmaticpresupposition:1.♥Atthebeginningof1970s:threekindsofdefinition(1)语用前提指的是说话人对言语的语境所作的设想。EG:a.Samhasstoppedbeatinghiswife.b.Samhasnotstoppedbeatinghiswife.c.Samwasbeatinghiswife.(2)语用前提是施行一个言语行为所需要满足

8、的恰当条件或是使一句话具有必要的社会合适性所必须满足的条件。EG:a.JohnaccusedHarryofwritingtheletter.b.Therewassomethingblameworthyabouttheletter.EG:Youaredisgusting.(3)语用前提是交际双方所共有的知识，或者说是背景知识。EG:a.WasitZoethatPetermarried?b