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1、traumaticeventisacriticalfactorinstressreactions,PTSD(AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,2000)istypicallyobservedinonly5–10%ofexposedorexceptionallyaversiveevents,theproportionoffull–downPTSDreactionsmayreachhigherlevels,sometimesashighasone–thirdofthesample.Thi
2、swasevidentinastudyof2752individualsdrawnbyprobabilitysamplingfromtheNewYorkmetropolitanareaduringtheweeksandmonthsfollowingthe9/11terroristattacks.Overall,theprevalenceofPTSDforthissamplewasestimatedat6%(Bonanno,Galea,Bucciarelli,&Vlahov,2006).However,among
3、thosephysicallyinjuredintheattacks,PTSDprevalenceroseto26%.InanotherstudyreanalyzingtheNationalVietnamVeteransReadjustmentdate,arepresentativesampleof1200veterans,chronicPTSDwasestimatedat9%overall,butamongveteranswiththehighestlevelsofcombatexposuretheestim
4、atewas28%(Dohrenwendetal.,2006).Instudiesofbereavement,theproportionofpersonswhodisplaymoresevereandchronicreactiontolossissimilar.Althoughestimatesvarysomewhat,itistypicallythoughtthat10-15%ofbereavedpeopleWilldevelopchronicallyelevatedgriefreaction(Bonanno
5、&Kaltman,2001).Aswasthecaseforpotentiallytraumaticeventsingeneral,however,chronicgriefreactionstendtobemoreprevalentfollowingmoreextremelosses,suchaslossfromaviolentcause（Kaltman&Bonanno,2003;Zisook,Chentsova-Dutton,&Shuchter,1998）orwhenthelostlovedonewasach
6、ild(Bonanno,Papa,Lalande,Zhang,&Noll,2005).DelayedReactionsWhataboutdelayedreactions?Along-heldassumptioninthebereavementliteratureisthattheabsenceofovertsignsofgrieving,byvirtueofitsassumedlinkwithdenial,willeventuallymanifestindelayedgriefreactions(Bowlby,
7、1980a;Deutsch,1937;Osterweisetal.,1984;Parkes&Weiss,1980;Rando,1993;Sanders,1993).Despitethestrengthofthisbelief,however,empiricalevidencefordelayedgriefhasneverbeenreported(Bonanno&Kaltman,1999;Wortman&Sliver,1989),eveninlongitudinalstudiesexplicitlydesigne
8、dtomeasurethephenomenon(Bonanno&Field,2001;Middleton,Burnett,Raphael,&Martinek,1996).Bycontrast,thereissomeevidencefordelayedPTSDreactionsfollowingpotentiallytraumaticevents,occurringinapproxima
