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1、TheInfluenceofGeorgeOrwell's"1984"onPrivacyProtectionLegislation论乔治•奥威尔的《一九八四》对于隐私保护立法的影响H.-P.Gassmann作者：H.P.盖斯曼WhenGeorgeOrwellhadfinishedwritingapoliticalfictionbookin1948,helookedforatitle.Asthesubjectofhisbookwasapessimisticpoliticalvision,needinga
2、futuredimension,hedecidedthatitmightbeagoodideatosimplyinvertthelasttwodigitsoftheyearduringwhichthebookwaswritten-andcallit"1984."Insodoing,heintroducedadeterministicprophecy,asayearinthefuturewasfixedandconditionsoflivingofthatyeardescribed.Thirty-si
3、xyearshaveelapsedsince"1984"'waswritten.Theywerethepost-WorldWarIIyears,whichsawanunprecedentedeconomicgrowthinmostcountries,andthebirthofmanynewstates,asformercoloniesgainedtheirindependence.Theyconstitutedaperiodofrelativestability,asnomajorwars-atle
4、astofaworldscale-occurred.Thiswasalsoaperiodofveryrapidtechnologicaldevelopment,whichbroughtabout,amongothertechnologies,thoseinformationtechnologieswhichcouldbeusedforsurveillance. SurveillanceversusObservationItisinterestingtonotethatGeorgeOrwellappa
5、rentlydidnotconceiveof,orimagine,thecomputer;atleast,in"1984"nocomputerisdescribed.Thefamoussentence"BigBrotheriswatchingyou"ratherreferstototalsurveillanceoftheindividualbytheState,usingaudio,televisionandpressmedia.Thosetelevisioncameraswenowseerathe
6、rfrequentlyinourdailyenvironment:overlookingstreetsandintersections(fortrafficcontrol),infrontofembassies,otherpublicbuildings,andevenatthedoorsofapartmentbuildings(forsecurity).Theyhavealreadybeenusedforsometimeinsidebuildings,especiallyforsurveillanc
7、epurposesinbanks(burglarandhold-upmonitoring).Soithasbecometruethatthetelevisioncamerahas,toacertainextent,acquiredasurveillancefunction,asforeseenbyOrwell.Butingeneralithasthefunctionofprotectingsocietyfromharmfulactions:thetelevisioncameratodayisthes
8、ymbolof"surveillanceforprotection."ThatisratherdifferentfromthemeaningGeorgeOrwellgavetothetelevisioncamerawhenhedescribeditsuseasaninstrumentforthe"surveillanceforcontrol"oftheindividualbytheState,whichwastherealmeaningof"BigBrotherisw
