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1、AnIntroductionToModernism&Postmodernism Everyliteraryperiodismoderninitsowneyes.TheancientGreeksof5thcenturyBCAthensthoughttheyweremodern.TheRomanticsintheirdaythoughttheyweremodern.ThewritersofRealismsawthemselvesasmoderninrejectingtheRomantics.Wejustdon’thaveagoodtermrightn
2、owfortheliteraryerainwhichwelive.Bydefault,wecallmostliteraryworkswrittenafterWorldWarI"modern."Itisdifficulttolookatourowntimesandseewhatliteraryerawearelivinginandcomeupwithagoodnameforit."Modern"isthebestthatwecandofornow.Someoftheculturalandhistoricalgreateventsofthemodern
3、erainclude Historical,Social,&CulturalHighlightsoftheModernEra·twodevastatingalmost-globalwars:WorldWarI(1914-1918)andWorldWarII(1941-1945)·hugechangesinindustryandtechnologyascomparedtothe19thcentury·theriseinpowerandinfluenceofinternationalcorporations·interconnectednessacr
4、osstheglobe:culturalexchanges,transportation,communication,mass(orpopular)culturefromtheWest(with"West"beingconsideredEuropeandNorthAmerica)·the"Westernization"ofmanyformerlytraditionalsocietiesandnationsandaresultingchangeintheirvalues(oftentheirthedetrimentoftheformerlytradi
5、tionalsocietyandnation).These"modern"valuesincludeabeliefinthedesirabilityofindustrialization,individualpoliticalrights,democracy,massliteracyandeducation,privateownershipofthemeansofproduction,thescientificmethod,publicinstitutionslikethoseintheWest,middleclassWesternvaluesys
6、tems,adisbeliefin—oratleastaquestioningof—theexistenceofGod,and(sometimes)theemancipationofwomen TheliteratureofthemodernperiodhasitrootsintheliteratureofEuropeandgrowsoutofareactiontoRealismandNaturalism. AsareactionagainstRealismandNaturalism,somecriticsseeinModernismatleas
7、tfour"isms"orliterarymovementsthatmakeuptheliteratureoftheModernera:impressionism,expressionism,surrealism,andnihilism. FourLiterary"isms"InsideModernism1.WhereasRealismattemptedtoportrayexternalobjectsandeventsasthecommonormiddleclassmanseesthemineverydaylife,impressionismtr
8、iestoportraythepsychologicalimpressionstheseobjectsandeventsm
