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1、OrganizationandFunctionoftheNervousSystemPeripheralCentralNervousSystem(PNS)NervousSystem(CNS)SomaticAutonomicBrainSpinalCord1ImageSource:WikimediaCommonsPeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)Somatic:Nervesconnectingtovoluntaryskeletalmusclesandsensoryreceptors•Affe
2、rentNerveFibers(incoming):AxonsthatcarryinfoawayfromtheperipherytotheCNS•EfferentNerveFibers(outgoing):AxonsthatcarryinfofromtheCNSoutwardtotheperipheryAutonomic:Nervesthatconnecttotheheart,bloodvessels,smoothmuscles,andglands2ImageSource:WikimediaCommonsC
3、entralNervousSystem(CNS)CNS=SpinalCord+BrainSpinalCord•Localfeedbackloopscontrolreflexes(“reflexarcs”)•Descendingmotorcontrolsignalsfromthebrainactivatespinalmotorneurons•Ascendingsensoryaxonsconveysensoryinformationfrommusclesandskinbacktothebrain3ImageSo
4、urce:WikimediaCommonsCNS=SpinalCord+Brain4MajorBrainRegions:TheHindbrainMedullaOblongataControlsbreathing,muscletoneandbloodpressurePonsConnectedtothecerebellum&involvedinsleepandarousalCerebellumCoordinationandtimingofvoluntarymovements,CerebellumMedullaP
5、onssenseofequilibrium,Oblongatalanguage,attention,…5ImageSource:WikimediaCommonsMajorBrainRegions:Midbrain&Retic.FormationMidbrainEyemovements,visualandauditoryreflexesReticularFormationModulatesmusclereflexes,breathing&painperception.Alsoregulatessleep,sc
6、Midbrainwakefulness&ReticulararousalFormation6MajorBrainRegions:Thalamus&HypothalamusThalamus“Relaystation”forallsensoryinfo(exceptsmell)tothecortex,regulatessleep/wakefulnessHypothalamusRegulatesbasicneedsCorpuFighting,Fleeing,Feeding,andThalamusMatingHyp
7、othalamus7MajorBrainRegions:TheCerebrumFConsistsof:Cerebralcortex,basalganglia,hippocampus,andCerebralCortexamygdalaFInvolvedinperceptionandmotorcontrol,cognitivefunctions,emotion,memory,andlearning8CerebralCortex:ALayeredSheetofNeuronsFCerebralCortex:Conv
8、olutedsurfaceofcerebrum,about1/8thofaninchthick•Approximately30billionneurons•Eachneuronmakesabout10,000synapses,approximately300trillionconnectionsintotalFSixlayersofneurons1Inputfrom•Relativelyuniformin2+3O
