新编简明英语语言学教程Unit2

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1、PHONOLOGY1.Phonetics定义：①Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.②Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.e.g.[p]bilabi

2、al,stop2.分为哪几个Cavity?---Speechorgans①Thepharyngealcavity-thethroat②Theoralcavity-themouth③Thenasalcavity-thenose[m],[n],[ŋ]3.Thespeechorgans:①lips唇;②teeth齿;③teethridge(alveolus)齿龈;④hardpalate硬腭;⑤softpalate（velum）软腭;⑥uvula小舌;⑦tipoftongue舌尖;⑧bladeoftongue舌面;⑨backoftongue舌根;⑩vocalcords声带;1

3、1pharyngealcavity咽部;12nasalcavity鼻腔4.Broadtranscription:usedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes,withoutdiacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.e.g.clear[pit]Narrowtranscription:usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,wi

4、thdiacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p]5.P20ThedescriptionofEnglishconsonants.PlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelarGlottalStopsorplosivesVL[p][t][k]VD[b][d][g]Frica-tivesVL[f][θ][s

5、][ʃ][h]VD[v][ð][z][ʒ]Affri-catesVL([tʃ])[tʃ]VD([dʒ])[dʒ]NasalsVD[m][n][ŋ]LiquidsVD[l],[r]GlidesVD[w][j]6.P21[ʌ][ɜː][e][ɔː][ɒ][u:][u][a:][æ][a][ə][i:][l]￭Thefeature‘unrounded’isusuallyomittedsinceallfrontvowelsinEnglishareunrounded.￭Correspondingtothedistinctionoflongandshortvowelsisthed

6、istinctionoftenseandlaxvowels.1.P22Phonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.Phonetics&phonology对比音位学和语音学￭Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.￭Phonet

7、icsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.￭Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowt