Unit9-A Surgical Diseas

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1、Introductiontobonefracture骨折的概述Abonefractureisamedicalconditioninwhichthereisabreakinthecontinuityofthebone.骨的连续性破坏称为骨折。Abonefracturecanbetheresultofhighforceimpactorstress,ortrivialinjuryasaresultofcertainmedicalconditionsthatweakenthebones，suchasosteoporosis，bonecancer，orosteo-genesisimperfe

2、cta,wherethefractureisthenproperlytermedapathologicfracture.骨折可由高冲击力或压力，或者是在骨骼疾病导致骨骼削弱的基础上轻微的损伤造成，比如骨质疏松、骨肿瘤、成骨不全常也被称为病理性骨折。Whatcausesabonefracture?Whenoutsideforcessuchasadirectblowsorfallsareappliedtoboneithasthepotentialtofail.当外部力量比如直接打击或跌倒时施加于骨头导致它有可能承受不了。Fracturesoccurwhenbonecannotwiths

3、tandthoseoutsideforces.骨折发生在骨不能承受这些外部力量。Fracture’break，orcrackallmeanthesamething.断裂或裂缝都意味着骨折。Onetermdoesnotimplyamoreorlesssevereinjury.这并不意味着损伤的轻重。Theintegrityofthebonehasbeendamaged，whichcausesthebonestructuretofail,whichresultsinafractureorbrokenbone.骨的完整性已被破坏，这会导致骨结构的破坏，从而导致骨折。Oftenafract

4、ureiseasytodetectbecausethereisobviousdeformity.通常骨折易于检测，因为有明显的畸形。However,attimesitisnoteasilydiagnosed.Itisimportantforthephysiciantotakeahistoryoftheinjurytodecidewhatpotentialproblemsmightexist.然而，有时它是不容易诊断。医生采集受伤中的病史是非常重要的，这能够确定潜在可能存在的问题。Moreover，fracturesdon’talwaysoccurinisolation，andthe

5、remaybeassociatedinjuriesthatneedtobeaddressed.此外，骨折并不是常常完全离断，同时骨折常带来一些附带损伤需要解决。Fracturescanoccurbecauseofdirectblows,twistinginjuries,orfalls.直接打击，扭转受伤，或跌倒常导致骨折发生。Thetypeofforcesortraumaappliedtothebonemaydeterminewhattypeofinjurythatoccurs.施加于骨的作用力或损伤的类型，可以确定发生的损伤类型。Somefracturesoccurwithout

6、anyobvioustraumaduetoosteoporosis，thelossofcalciuminbone(forexampleacompressionfractureofthevertebraeoftheback)oracongenitalbonecystthathasbeenpresentsincebirth,whichcausesaweakareainthebone.有些骨折没有明显的外伤，因为骨质疏松，骨质钙流失（例如背部的脊椎骨压缩性骨折）或因为出生时先天性骨囊肿，它会导致骨中的薄弱区域。Descriptionsoffracturescanbeconfusing.T

7、heyarebasedon：骨折的描述可能令人困惑。他们是基于:Whereinthebonethebreakhasoccurred在骨折发生的地方Howthebonefragmentsarealigned骨折的碎片怎样对齐Whetheranycomplicationsexist是否存在任何并发症Whethertheskinisintact皮肤是否完好Thefirststepindescribingafractureistodecideifitisopenorclose