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1、英美社会与文化GeneralIntroductionofAmericaAmericanHistoryI.TheAmericanRevolutionofIndependence1.Unlikemostothernations,theUnitedStatesneverhadafeudalaristocracy.(politicalequality)Landwasplentifulandlaborwasscarce,andeveryfreemanhadanopportunitytoachieveeconomicindependence,ifnotprosp
2、erity.2.By1733,Englishsettlershadoccupied13coloniesalongtheAtlanticcoast.Between1689and1815,FranceandBritainfoughtseveralwars.By1756,EnglandandFrancewerefightingtheSevenYears’War,knowninAmericaastheFrenchandIndianWar.ThePeaceofParis,signedin1763,gaveBritaintitletoCanadaandallof
3、NorthAmericaeastoftheMississippiRiver.(War–Money—Tax)3.△Americansdistrustthepowerof“biggovernment”.Theyalwaysinsistedonexercisingsomecontroloverthesystemoftaxationandtheyinsistedthattheycouldbetaxedonlybytheirowncolonialassemblies.Thedisagreementonthispointcausedthe“BostonTeaPa
4、rty”in1773.TheAmericansdisguisedasIndiansandtossed342cratesofteaintoBostonHarbor.4.In1774,theFirstContinentalCongressinPhiladelphiaopposedtowhattheyperceivedtobeBritishoppressioninthecolonies.5.OnApril19,1775,thegunshotofLexington[莱克星顿]claimedthebeginningoftheAmericanWarofIndep
5、endence.6.InMay1775,asecondContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphiaandbegantoassumethefunctionsofanationalgovernment.ItfoundedaContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington,aVirginiaplanterandveteranoftheFrenchandIndianWar.Itprintedmoneyandopeneddiplomaticrelationswithfor
6、eignpowers.OnJuly2,1776,theCongressfinallyresolved“ThattheseUnitedColoniesare,andofrightoughttobefreeandindependentstates.”7.△ThomasJeffersonofVirginiadraftedaDeclarationofIndependence,whichtheCongressadoptedonJuly4,1776.Itexplainedthephilosophyofthatrevolution(ofAmericanpoliti
7、cs)thatmenhaveanaturalrightto“Life,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness”;thatgovernmentscanruleonlywith“theconsentofthegoverned”;thatanygovernmentmaybedissolvedwhenitfailstoprotecttherightsofthepeople.(JohnLock’sphilosophy)35/35英美社会与文化1.ThewarwasfinallywonwiththehelpofFrance(TheFran
8、co-AmericanalliancewassignedinFebruary1778).Andin1781,
