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1、TheMetaphysicsofPrimaryPluralityinAchardofSaintVictorPascalMassieMiamiUniversityTheconditionsforaninvestigationofAchardofSaintVictor(whodiedin1171)haveonlyrecentlybecomeavailable.Nowthediscoveryofaverysignificantturninthehistoryoftwelfth-centurythoughtisopentoexamination.TheauthorfocusesonAch
2、ard’sclaimconcerninganontologicallyprimaryplurality.IntheverytitleofAchard’smaintreatise,DeunitateDeietpluralitatecreaturarum,itistheword‘et’thatjoinstogetherunityandplurality,expressingthecoreofAchard’sontologicalinsight,wherebyapluralityissaidtobetrueifitisgroundedinabsoluteunity.Thatistosa
3、y,thispluralityisnotderivedfromunity(aswouldbeassumedinanemanativeaccountofplurality)butrather“coheres”withunity.Unity,likeness,andequalityarethethreetermsthatdialecticallyconstitutetheprimaryplurality.Inthissense,truepluralityispluralitywithoutdifference,withoutalterityandisthusconvertiblewi
4、thidentity.Theessayexamines(a)Achard’sdoctrineoftruepluralityasmultipleunity,(b)itsapplicationtothequestionoftheTrinityand(c)itsapplicationtothequestionofthepluralityofcreaturesandthenatureofindividuation.Perusingthroughanthologiesorhistoriesofmedievalphilosophy,onecannoticethattheSchoolofSai
5、ntVictorisonlybriefly(ifatall)mentionedandthatwhenitismentioned,mostly1RichardandHughesarenamed,leavingAchardincompleteobscurity.Achard(whodiedin1171)hasremainedanunknownformorethaneightcenturies.Yet,thingsarechanging.StartingwiththepioneeringworkofJeanChâtillonwhofirstidentifiedtheauthorofth
6、eDeunitateDeietpluralitatecreaturaruminthemidnineteen-sixties,theeditionofAchard’stractatusbyEmmanuelMartineauin1986,andthepublicationofMohammadIlkhani’sLaphilosophiedelacréationchezAcharddeSaint-Victor(1999),wenowcanreadHughFeiss’Englishtranslation2ofAchard’swork(2001).Atlastthematerialcondi
7、tionsforaninvestigationofAchard’sthoughthavebecomereadilyavailable;withthem,theinvestigationofasignificantturninthehistoryofWesternthoughtisopen.Achard’sOntheUnityofGodandPluralityofCreaturesisdividedintotwotreatises,thefirstofwhich(fiftychap
