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1、The1976GreatTangshanEarthquake30-YearRetrospectiveTMRiskManagementSolutionsIcAcknowledgementsAuthorsPatriciaGrossi,DomenicodelRe,andZifaWangEditorKarieLaoGraphicdesignerYapingXieContributorsFromRMS:WeiminDong,ManabuMasuda,ShannonMcKay,RobertMuir-Wood,HareshShah,andMauraS
2、ullivanFromIEM:EndongGuo,ShanyouLi,LingxinZhang,andZhendongZhaoImageSourcesAtlasofNaturalDisasterSystemofChinaChinaEarthquakeAdministrationCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyReferencesGere,J.andShah,H.1980.“Tangshanrebuildsaftermammothearthquake.”CivilEngineering50(12):47-52
3、.Huixian,L.,Housner,G.,Lili,X.andDuxin,H.2002.TheGreatTangshanEarthquakeof1976.EarthquakeEngineeringResearchLaboratory:CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Wang,T.andLi,J.1984.“TherecurrenceintervalsofthestrongearthquakesinTangshan.”SeismologyandGeology6:77–83.Xie,X.andYao,Z.
4、1991.“ThefaultingprocessofTangshanearthquakeinvertedsimultaneouslyfromtheteleseismicwaveformsandgeodesicdeformationdata.”PhysicsoftheEarthandPlanetaryInteriors66:265-277.Yong,C.etal.1988.TheGreatTangshanEarthquakeof1976:AnAnatomyofDisaster.Beijing:PergamonPress.IctAbleof
5、contentsIntroductionIIThe1976GreatTangshanEarthquake11.1SeismicTectonicsofNorthernChina11.2PrecursorstotheTangshanEarthquake2EarthquakePredictioninChina21.3EarthquakeSequenceandIntensityDistribution3PhysicalandHumanImpacts42.1BuildingExposureandDamage42.1.1Tangshan42.1.2
6、TianjinandBeijing52.2Casualties6TenDaysAftertheEarthquake:WeiminDong7FourYearsAftertheEarthquake:HareshShah8LegacyoftheTangshanEarthquake93.1SeismicDesignCodeRevisions93.2LessonsforResponseandRecovery93.3ReconstructionofTangshanCity10ModelingEarthquakeRiskinChina124.1Com
7、prehensiveRiskManagement124.2RoleofEarthquakeInsurance134.3Significanceofthe1976TangshanEarthquake13TangshanCity:1976to200614Exposure14PropertyDamage14Casualties14EconomicLosses14IntroductIonTherearetwoprincipalobjectivesinpublishingthisreportcommemoratingthe30thanniver
8、saryoftheTangshanEarthquake.Thefirstistoremindusoftheeventsoastoensurethatthelessonsfromthetragedyconti