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1、TheMultikernel:AnewOSarchitectureforscalablemulticoresystemsAndrewBaumann,PaulBarhamy,Pierre-EvaristeDagandz,TimHarrisy,RebeccaIsaacsy,SimonPeter,TimothyRoscoe,AdrianSchüpbach,andAkhileshSinghaniaSystemsGroup,ETHZurichyMicrosoftResearch,CambridgezENSCach
2、anBretagneABSTRACTAppAppAppAppCommoditycomputersystemscontainmoreandmoreprocessorcoresandexhibitincreasinglydiversearchitecturaltradeos,in-OSnodeOSnodeOSnodeOSnodeAgreementcludingmemoryhierarchies,interconnects,instructionsetsandalgorithmsStateStateStateAsyncm
3、essagesStatereplicareplicareplicareplicavariants,andIOconfigurations.Previoushigh-performancecom-putingsystemshavescaledinspecificcases,butthedynamicnatureArch-specificcodeofmodernclientandserverworkloads,coupledwiththeimpossi-bilityofstaticallyoptimizinganOSfor
4、allworkloadsandhardwarevariantsposeseriouschallengesforoperatingsystemstructures.Heterogeneousx86x64ARMGPUcoresWearguethatthechallengeoffuturemulticorehardwareisbestmetbyembracingthenetworkednatureofthemachine,rethinkingInterconnectOSarchitectureusingideasfrom
5、distributedsystems.Weinvesti-gateanewOSstructure,themultikernel,thattreatsthemachineasaFigure1:Themultikernelmodel.networkofindependentcores,assumesnointer-coresharingatthelowestlevel,andmovestraditionalOSfunctionalitytoadistributedsystemofprocessesthatcommuni
6、cateviamessage-passing.Suchhardware,whileinsomeregardssimilartoearlierparal-WehaveimplementedamultikernelOStoshowthattheap-lelsystems,isnewinthegeneral-purposecomputingdomain.Weproachispromising,andwedescribehowtraditionalscalabilityincreasinglyfindmulticoresys
7、temsinavarietyofenvironmentsproblemsforoperatingsystems(suchasmemorymanagement)canrangingfrompersonalcomputingplatformstodatacenters,withbeeectivelyrecastusingmessagesandcanexploitinsightsfromworkloadsthatarelesspredictable,andoftenmoreOS-intensive,distributed
8、systemsandnetworking.Anevaluationofourprototypethantraditionalhigh-performancecomputingapplications.Itisonmulticoresystemsshowsthat,evenonpresent-daymachines,nolongeracceptable(oru
