资源描述：
《Labor Developments in the Late 19th Century 》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、LaborDevelopmentsintheLate19thCenturyBythe1870sthemostimportanteffectofindustrializationonworkingpeoplewasthetransformationoftheskilledcraftsmanintoafactoryworker.Theconsequencesofthischangefortheworkerincluded:̣thelossofthebargainingpowerthathisskillsandtoolshadgivenhim;̣
2、theimpersonalityofemployer-employeerelationsinthenewcorporations;̣andincreasedcompetitionforjobsresultingfromtheentryintothelaborforceofformerslaves,women,andimmigrants.Forunskilledlaborersweeklywagesoftendollarsorlessandaworkdayoftenhoursormorewerecommon.Inaddition,workin
3、gconditionsinfactorieswereunhealthyandoftendangerous.AIMSANDTACTICSOFMANAGEMENTANDLABORAlthoughbothmanagementandlaborhavegenerallywantedtoseeaprosperousAmerica,theyotherwisehavediverginginterestsandgoals.Therelationshipbetweenmanagementandlaborcreatessomeareasofagreementbe
4、tweenthetwo,butalso,andnaturally,createsaconflictofinterestsaswell.Theoperatorsofbusinessfirms—themanagement—seektoachievethegreatestprofitspossiblebyincreasingproductionthroughthemostefficientuseofmaterialsandlabor.Thisiscalledtheprofitmotive.Theprofitmotive,inandofitself,isago
5、odthing.Withoutitthereisnomarket,noproduction,noemploymentandnogoodsofanyvalue.Theprobleminthe19thcenturywasthatmanagement,asaresultofanumberoffactors,treatedworkersverybadly,indeed,andsawnoreasontodootherwise.Factorsthatencouragedthepoortreatmentofworkersincluded:̣thesupp
6、lyofworkersoutstrippeddemandforworkers—anenormousandgrowingpoolofpotentiallaborgavemanagementtheallofthepowerinthelabormarket.̣thepoliticalclassatthenationalleveldidnotyetseeworkersasconstituents,sothegovernmentwaslargelyunsympathetictotheneedsofworkers.̣laborunionswerefew
7、andweakandnotyetorganizedtoadegreethatgavethempowerintheeconomicorpoliticalarenas.Mostemployersofthelatenineteenthcenturydistrustedattemptsbyworkerstoorganizeandtookactivemeasurestohinderthem.Amongtheirtacticswere:̣the"yellow-dog"contract(aworker'sagreementnottojoinauniond
8、uringtheperiodofhisemployment);̣theblacklist(alistcirculatedamongemployersofworkersrepute
