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1、Thisworkis distributed as a DiscussionPaperby theSTANFORD INSTITUTEFOR ECONOMICPOLICYRESEARCHSIEPRDiscussionPaperNo. 16‐001Childhood Environment And Gender Gaps In AdulthoodByRaj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Frina Lin, Jeremy Majerovitz, Benjamin ScuderiStanfordInstitutefor Ec
2、onomicPolicy ResearchStanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305 (650)725‐1874TheStanfordInstitute for EconomicPolicyResearchat Stanford University supports researchbearing oneconomicandpublicpolicy issues.The SIEPRDiscussionPaper Series reports onresearchandpolicy analysis conduc
3、tedbyresearchersaffiliated withtheInstitute.Working papers inthis seriesreflectthe viewsoftheauthorsand not necessarily those of the Stanford Institute forEconomicPolicy Researchor Stanford UniversityChildhoodEnvironmentandGenderGapsinAdulthoodRajChetty,NathanielHendren,Frin
4、aLin,JeremyMajerovitz,andBenjaminScuderiNBERWorkingPaperNo.21936January2016JELNo.J0,J16,J21ABSTRACTWeshowthatdifferencesinchildhoodenvironmentsplayanimportantroleinshapinggendergapsinadulthoodbydocumentingthreefactsusingpopulationtaxrecordsforchildrenborninthe1980s.First,gen
5、dergapsinemploymentrates,earnings,andcollegeattendancevarysubstantiallyacrosstheparentalincomedistribution.Notably,thetraditionalgendergapinemploymentratesisreversedforchildrengrowingupinpoorfamilies:boysinfamiliesinthebottomquintileoftheincomedistributionarelesslikelytowork
6、thangirls.Second,thesegendergapsvarysubstantiallyacrosscountiesandcommutingzonesinwhichchildrengrowup.Thedegreeofvariationinoutcomesacrossplacesislargestforboysgrowingupinpoor,single-parentfamilies.Third,thespatialvariationingendergapsishighlycorrelatedwithproxiesforneighbor
7、hooddisadvantage.Low-incomeboyswhogrowupinhigh-poverty,high-minorityareasworksignificantlylessthangirls.Theseareasalsohavehigherratesofcrime,suggestingthatboysgrowingupinconcentratedpovertysubstitutefromformalemploymenttocrime.Together,thesefindingsdemonstratethatgendergapsi
8、nadulthoodhaverootsinchildhood,perhapsbecausechildhooddisadvantageisespecia
