资源描述：
《scheufele framing as effects》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、FramingasMediaEffectsFramingasaTheoryofMediaEffectsbyDietramA.ScheufeleResearchonframingischaracterizedbytheoreticalandempiricalvagueness.Thisisdue,inpart,tothelackofacommonlysharedtheoreticalmodelunderlyingframingresearch.Conceptualproblemstranslateintooperationalproblems,limit-ingthecomp
2、arabilityofinstrumentsandresults.InthispaperIsystematizethefragmentedapproachestoframinginpoliticalcommunicationandintegratethemintoacomprehensivemodel.Iclassifypreviousapproachestoframingresearchalongtwodimensions:thetypeofframeexamined(mediaframesvs.audienceframes)andthewayframesareopera
3、tionalized(independentvariableordepen-dentvariable).Idevelopaprocessmodelofframing,identifyingfourkeyprocessesthatshouldbeaddressedinfutureresearch:framebuilding,framesetting,individual-levelprocessesofframing,andafeedbackloopfromaudiencestojournalists.Entman(1993)referredtoframingas“ascat
4、teredconceptualization”(p.␣51),withpreviousstudieslackingclearconceptualdefinitionsandrelyingoncontext-spe-cific,ratherthangenerallyapplicableoperationalizations.BrosiusandEps(1995)wentevenfurther,positingthatframingisnotaclearlyexplicatedandgenerallyapplicableconcept,butonlyametaphorthatc
5、annotbedirectlytranslatedintoresearchquestions.Partlybecauseofthesevagueconceptualizations,thetermframinghasbeenusedrepeatedlytolabelsimilarbutdistinctlydifferentapproaches.Forexample,Wicks(1992)identifiedsubtlebutdistinctdifferencesbetweenvariousconceptsofcognitivecategorization.Hamilland
6、Lodge(1986)andLodge&Hamill(1986)sawonlyaterminologicaldifferencebetweenconceptslikeframe,script,orschema.Atthesametime,studieshaveoperationalizedframingincombinationwithotherconceptssuchasagendasettingorpriming(Iyengar&Kinder,1987).Morere-cently,McCombs,Shaw,andWeaver(1997)suggestedthatnot
7、onlyareagendasettingandframingeffectsrelated,framingis,infact,anextensionofagendasetting.Theyusedthetermsecond-levelagenda-settingtodescribetheimpactofthesalienceofcharacteristicsofmediacoverageonaudiences’interpretationofthesenewsstories.Perhapsasaresultofthe
