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1、英语专业八级考试在线课堂DesignFeaturesofLanguage结构特征Arbitrariness---illogicalbetweensymbolandmeaningProductivity---varietyofsentencesDuality---structureofsounds&meaningDisplacement---notinthespecificplaceCultureTransmission---amonggenerationsTEM8英语语言学备战英语专业八级考试在
2、线课堂TheoreticallinguisticsPhonetics语音学Phonology音位学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学pragmatics语用学UseoflinguisticsAppliedlinguistics应用语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学......TEM8英语语言学备战ScopesandBranchesofLinguistics英语专业八级考试在线课堂PhoneticsandP
3、honologyPhonetics(语音学):studyofhumansoundmaking(organs),thedescription(transcription)andclassificationofsounds,etc.e.g.vowelsvs.consonantsphone(音素)---aphoneticunitincludingallspeechsoundswehearandproduce.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.Phonol
4、ogy(音位学):studyofthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.phonemes(音位):aphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue,e.g.fat,rat(minimalpair)e.g.ping,bing(phonemesinChinese),spin,sp(h)in(allophonesinEng
5、lish),therefore,phonologyislanguagespecific.(特定语言的语音系统)TEM8英语语言学备战英语专业八级考试在线课堂Morphology形态学,词法Morphology：thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.~isdividedintotwofields:inflections（屈折）(inflectionalmorphology)&word-format
6、ion（派生）(derivationalmorphology)Inflections：grammatical(e.g.s,ed,ing,’s)Word-formation：newmeaning&grammaticalclasscompound:daybreakderivation:un-conscious,nation+al+izeMorpheme(词素):theminimalunitofmeaning.e.g.dogs(2),undesirability(4)roots+affix（freem
7、orpheme自由+boundmorpheme粘着）TEM8英语语言学备战英语专业八级考试在线课堂Syntax句法学Syntax:studyoftherulesgoverningthewayswordscombinedtomakesentences.1.StructuralistApproach:ICAnalysis(ImmediateConstitutentAnalysis直接成分分析法):structuallinguistsview“sentence”asthelargestindepend
8、entgrammaticalunitwhichiscomposedofasequenceofsmallerlinguisticforms.Bloomfield,afamousAmericanstructuallinguist.TEM8英语语言学备战英语专业八级考试在线课堂2.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar(TGGrammar转换生成语法)NormChomsky,themostinfluentiallinguistin20thcenturyChomskypro
