TEM8语言学知识辅导讲座

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1、TEM8语言学知识辅导讲座1.Whatislanguage?Thegenerallyaccepteddefinition:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.DesignfeaturesoflanguageTheyrefertothequintessentialcharacteristicsofhumanlanguage,whichcandistinguishanyhumanlanguagesys

2、temfromanynon-humanlanguagesystem.Theycoverarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission(文化传递)andinterchangeability(互换性).a.Arbitrariness（任意性）b.Duality（二重性）c.Creativity（创造性）d.Displacement（移位性）3.Sixfunctionsoflanguage:a.Informative

3、（信息功能）b.Interpersonal（人际功能）c.Performative（施为功能）d.Emotive（感情功能）e.Phaticcommunion（交感性功能）f.Recreational（娱乐性功能）g.Metalangual（元语言功能）4.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.5.Thescopeoflinguisticsa.Phonetics（语音学）b.Ph

4、onology（音系学）c.Morphology（形态学）d.Syntax（句法）e.Semantics（语义学）f.Pragmatics（语用学）6Macrolinguisticsa.Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）b.Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）c.anthropologicallinguistics（人类语言学）d.computationallinguistics（计算语言学）7Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics7.1De

5、scriptivevs.prescriptive（描述和规定）Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behaviour,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.M

6、odernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Itdiffersfromthelinguisticstudynormallyknownas“grammar”.Earlygrammarswerebasedon“high”(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Theysetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.Andtoday,thegrammartaughttolearnersofalanguageisstillb

7、asicallyprescriptive.Ittellsthelearnerwhatheshouldsay,orwhatissupposedtobecorrectusage.Ontheotherhand,modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Linguisticstudyissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleac

8、tuallyuse,beit“correct”ornot.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.7.2Synchronicvs.diachronic（共时和历时）Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalangu