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1、张晓荣13699559591UnitOneMachineToolsReadingAMachineTools机床Thegeneralcharacteristicsofthemachinetoolsusedincuttingoperationsarereviewedinthistext.Theequipmentcanbeclassifiedindifferentcategoriesdependingontheirfunctionandtheaccessoriesinvolved.Themajorcategoriesaredescribedbelow.Lathesaregenerall
2、yconsideredtobetheoldestmachinetoolsandweredevelopedinthe1750s.Thebasicoperationscarriedoutonalatheareturning车削,boring镗削,andfacing车端面.Thebasiccomponentsofthemostcommonlathe(enginelathe)arethebed床身,headstock主轴箱,tailstock尾座,andcarriage溜板箱.Oneendoftheworkpiecesisclampedinachuck(n.夹盘，卡盘;v.装夹，用卡盘卡
3、紧)oracollet（n.筒夹，（弹性）夹头，套筒，套爪）,whichrotates,intheheadstock.Theotherendofthe263workpieceissupportedbythetailstock.Acuttingtool,attached（attachMtoN把M连接（安装，固定，悬挂）到N上）toatoolpost刀架andtothecarriage,removesmaterialbytravelingalongthebed.Thecuttingoperationisperformedatacertaindesiredperipheralspeed
4、周围线速度oftheworkpiece,feedrate,anddepthofcut.Afurtherdevelopmentistheautomaticlathe.Themovementandcontrolsareactuated（开动，驱动，使动作，操纵，驱使）byvariousmechanicalmeans（方法，方式，工具，设备，装置）,suchascams（凸轮）andnumericalandcomputercontrol,thusreducinglabororrequiringlessskilledlabor.Turretlathes转塔车床(developedinth
5、e1850s)carryoutmultiplecuttingoperations,suchasturning,boring,drilling,threadcutting,andfacing.Variouscuttingtools,usuallyuptosixareinstalledonaturret.Theoperationisquiteversatile.Itmaybeoperatedbyhandorautomatically,andoncesetupproperly,itdoesnotrequireskilledlabor.Thereareagreatvarietyoftur
6、retlathesavailablefordifferentpurposes.Screwmachines(thefirstscrewlathewasdevelopedinthe2631770s)aredesignedforhigh-production-ratemachiningofscrewsandsimilarparts.Alltheoperationsareperformedautomaticallywithtoolsattachedtoaspecialturret.Thebarstockisfedautomaticallyaftereachscrewhasbeenmach
7、inedtoafinishedproduct.Thesemachinesmaybeequippedwithsingleormultiplespindlestoreducethecycletimeperpiece.1.BoringMachinesAlthoughboringoperationscanbecarriedoutonalathe,boringmachinesareusedforlargeworkpieces.Thesemachinesareeitherhorizontal
