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1、482CHURCHHISTORYandearlyseventeenthcenturyReformedtheologybutthisvolumewillserveasthestandardintroductiontoArminiusandhistheologyforyearstocome.MichaelA.HakkenbergRoanokeCollegedoi:10.1017/S0009640714000262Trent:WhatHappenedattheCouncil.ByJohnW.O’Malley.Cambridge,Mass.:TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniv
2、ersityPress,2013.335pp.$27.95cloth.JohnO’Malleysetsacleargoalforthisveryreadablebook:toprovideanintroductiontotheCouncilofTrent(1545–1563),andtofurnisha“framework”(12)forunderstandingit.Boththelongstruggletoconvokeacouncil,andwhathappenedwhenitfinallymetatTrent,aswellaswhatdidnothappenoverthateigh
3、teenyearperiod,arethefocusofthisstudy,suitableforusewithundergraduatestudentsaswellaswithmoreadvancedstudents.ThoughO’MalleybrieflymentionstheabundanceofrecentstudiesofreceptionandimplementationofTrent,hedevotesrelativelylittleattentiontothisimportantaspectoftheCouncil.OnethingO’Malleydoesverywell
4、indeedismaketheessentialcontentandargumentsofthemassivestudyofTrentbyHubertJedin—publishedinGermanoverfiftyyearsagoandonlypartlytranslated—availabletoanEnglish-languagereadership.Forthisreasonalone,thebookiswellworthpurchasing,anditspriceisactuallyquitemodestforasignificant,hardcoverbook.Jedinwork
5、edwithinatraditionofinstitutionalhistory,onefocusedonpopes,bishops,monarchs,andalsoonreligiousorders.ItisanapproachthatrevealedmuchabouttheChurch’spast,butalsoonethatignoredoroccludedmuchelse.Fewlaypersons,otherthanheadsofstate,gotanyattentionfromthisvantagepoint.O’Malleydevotesmuchattentiontowhat
6、Trentdidanddidnotdo,andtoitssuccessesandfailures.Hepointsoutthenarrownessofthe“Eurocentric”(274)orientationoftheCouncil,andheisnothesitanttopointouttheCouncil’ssilencesonissuesofenormousimportfortheCatholicChurchinthe1500sandbeyond,especiallymissionstotheAmericas,Asia,andmostofthenon-Europeanworld
7、.Trentthoughtofwomenreligiousascloisterednunsonly,andthusconsideredreformofwomenreligioustomeangettingthemtorespectstrictenclosure.OnmarriageTrentrequiredwitnessesforavalidmarriage,andinsistedonthefreeconsentofth
