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1、TheMoralLimitsoftheCriminalLawVolume1:HarmtoOthersFeinberg,Joel,ProfessorofPhilosophy,UniversityofArizona,TucsonPrintpublicationdate:1987,PublishedtoOxfordScholarshipOnline:November2003PrintISBN-13:978-0-19-504664-9,doi:10.1093/0195046641.001.0001endp.1endp.21.TheBa
2、sicQuestionoftheBookThisbookisanattempttofindageneralanswer,albeitacomplicatedone,tothequestion:Whatsortsofconductmaythestaterightlymakecriminal?Itssubject,thoughbroad,isstillnarrowerthanJohnStuartMill'sfamousconcerninOnLibertywith“thenatureandlimitsofthepowerwhichca
3、nbelegitimatelyexercisedbysocietyovertheindividual,”1sinceourconcernisonlywithpowerexercisedbythestatebymeansofthecriminallaw.UnlikeMill,weshallbeconcernedhereonlywiththeexerciseofpoliticalpower,thusneglectingthoseinterferenceswithindividuallibertythatcomefromprivat
4、eassociations,publicopinion,orthe“despotismofcustom.”Moreover,weshallignorethemoresubtleusesofstatepower,liketaxation,indoctrination,licensure,andselectivefunding,sothatwemayfocusmorenarrowlyonstatutoryprohibitionsenforcedbypenalsanctions.Whatourquestionhasincommonw
5、ithMill'sbroaderoneisitsemphasisondeterminingthelegitimacyofexercisesofpower.Myreasonforrestrictingtheinquirytothecriminallawispartlymethodological.Evenifonewereconcernedtogiveacompleteaccountofsocialpower,onewouldbeginwiththerelativelybluntandvisibleformsofpolitica
6、lcoercionwhereinterferenceswithlibertyare“writlarge.”Lateronecouldproceed,armedwiththeresultsofone'sprimaryinquiry,toexaminethemoresubtleformsofcoercion.Millhimselfmightnothaveappreciatedthepointofthisproceduresincehewasrightlyimpressedwithendp.3thepowerofextrapolit
7、icalformsofsocialcontrol,andextralegalformsofpoliticalcontrol.AsC.L.Tenpointsout,forMill“extra-legalcoercionwasfarmorepervasiveandinsidiousthantheuseoflegalpenaltiesbecause‘itleavesfewermeansofescape,penetratingmuchmoredeeplyintothedetailsoflife,andenslavingthesouli
8、tself.’”2Buteventhoughsocialpressurestowardconformitywillcontinuetohavethisimpactonindividualchoiceswhateverthecontentofourcriminallaw,iti
