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1、BOOKREVIEWSEMANTICMECHANISMSOFHUMOR,byVictorRaskin.Dordrect:Reidel,1986.1.INTRODUCTIONAstudyofhumorisadaringattempt,giventhevastnumberofphilosophicalandpsychologicalworkswhichhavedelvedintothenatureofhumorandlaughterwithoutquitesolvingthemysteryofitforus.Raskin'sSemanticMechanismsofHumorisanattempti
2、naslightlynewdirection--thelinguistic,orratherthesemanticstudyofhumor.Thebookevaluatestheadequacyoftraditionaltheoriesofhumor,andthenundertakestoexaminethelinguisticmanifestationsofthehumorousintermsofasemantictheory.Thesurveyofhumorresearchiswellstructuredandinformative.tItcoversthemajortrendsoftra
3、ditionalandcontemporarytheoriesofhumorwherebytheneedforalinguistictheoryofhumorismadefelt.Theattemptofthebookisgallant:itproposestoprovidethenecessaryandsufficientconditionsforafunnytext,thatis,toaccountforthefactthatsometextsarefunnywhileothersarenot,intermsofthelinguisticpropertiesofthetext.2.AREV
4、IEWANDCRITIQUEOFRASKIN'SSEMANTICTHEORYThesemantictheoryappliedtotheanalysisofhumorisscript-based.Thenotionhasbeenextensivelyusedbyresearchersinthefieldsofartificialintelligenceandpsychologyandhasbeenvariouslytermedas'frame'or'schema'(e.g.,Minsky,1975;SchankandAbelson,1977).Raskinassumesascript-based
5、lexicon2wherebyascriptisalargechunkofsemanticinformationassociatedwithawordorevokedbyit(p.81).Ascriptisthusacognitivestructurethatrepresentsthenativespeaker'sknowledgeofasmallpartoftheworld.Thescriptsevokedbyawordaredividedintotwo:theunmarked(themostfrequentaccordingtoRaskin)andthemarkedones.409BOOK
6、REVIEWGiventhenotionofscript,Raskincontendsthatforatexttobefunnyitmustbe:(1)compatible,fullyorpartly,withtwodifferentscripts.(2)Thetwodifferentscriptsmustbeopposite.Thesetwoconditionsformthesetofnecessaryandsufficientconditionsforajokewell-formedness.Theideathatajokecontainsanintersectionoftwodiffer
7、entscriptsordomainsisnotentirelynew.ItunderliesthevastnumberofTheoriesofIncongruity(Kant,1790;Schopenhaur,1819;Spencer,1860;Kierkegaard,1941;Bergson,1911,andmanyotherssince,suchasBateson,1953;Godkewit
