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1、SavingLives,MoralTheory,andtheClaimsofIndividualsAuthor(s):MichaelOtsukaReviewedwork(s):Source:Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.34,No.2(Spring,2006),pp.109-135Publishedby:WileyStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557998.Accessed:31/01/201314:51YouruseoftheJSTORarc
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4、ffairs.http://www.jstor.orgThiscontentdownloadedonThu,31Jan201314:51:50PMAllusesubjecttoJSTORTermsandConditionsMICHAELOTSUKASavingLives,MoralTheory,andtheClaimsofIndividualsHaveyouadutytosavethegreaterratherthanthelessernumberfromdeathwhenyoucannotsaveall?Mostmo
5、ralphilosopherswouldreplythatyoudo,atleastwhensodoingisoflittlecosttoyouand"allotherthingsareequal,"whichistosaythatdeathisequallybadforeach,andnoneoftheimperiledisfamilyorfriendasopposedtoastranger,andsoforth.Itis,however,surprisinglydifficulttoprovidesoundtheo
6、reti-calsupportforsuchaseeminglyuncontroversialduty.Thesedifficultieshighlightsomecontrastingproblemsforcompetingcontractualistandconsequentialistaccountsofmorality.Consequentialistmoraltheoriessuchasclassicalutilitarianismprovideastraightforwardaccountofwhyyous
7、houldsavethegreaternumberfromdeath:onlybysodoingwillyoumaximizetheaggregatesumofeveryone'swelfare.Yetsuchtheoriesnotoriouslygivethe"wronganswer"indifferentsortsofcasesinvolvinggreaterandlessernumbers.Classicalutilitarianism,forexample,apparentlycallsforthesaving
8、ofaverylargenumberofindividualsfromarelativelytrivialpainratherthanonepersonfromagonizing,excruciatingpain.Toblocksuchcounterintuitiveresultsthatflowfromtheaggregatio
