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1、ChildLabour,theWorking-ClassFamily,andDomesticIdeologyin19thCenturyBritainAnnaDavinCHILDREN’SWORKANDTHEFAMILYINEARLYINDUSTRIALIZATIONIn18thcenturyBritainitwasgenerallyassumedatalllevelsofsocietybuttherichestthathabitsofindustrycouldnotbelearnttooyoung.Need
2、oftendictatedthatchildrenwork,alongsideparentorotheradultinfield,mine,brickyardorworkshop,orfendingforthemselvesinavarietyofways;butevenwhensubsistencewassecuretheirparticipationwasusuallyexpectedassoonastheycouldbeuseful.Inthe1720sDanielDefoereportedwiths
3、atisfactionseeingchildrenatworkinthedomesticwoollenweavingindustryintheWestRidingofYorkshire,wherehefound‘allemployedfromtheyoungesttotheoldest,scarceanythingabovefouryearsold,butitshandsweresufficientforitsownsupport.’Domesticproduction-whetherforhousehol
4、dconsumptionorforthemarket(inthe‘proto-industrialfamily’interestinglydiscussedbyHansMedickl),whetherintextilesorinagricultureonanearbysmallholding,withpigandpoultryandperhapsacow,orinthewidevarietyofdomesticindustrysuchasnailandchain-making,stocking-knitti
5、ng,lace-making,etc.-wouldalwaysutilizethelabourofchildrenfromtheearliestagethatwaspractical,eitherasauxiliariesinproduction,orinoddjobswithdomesticwork,andespeciallywiththecareofyoungerchildren.Ifafamilyhadnoolderchildren,theymightaugmenttheircollectivelab
6、ourpowerbytakinginmoredistantkinoftherightDevelopmentandChange(SAGE,LondonandBeverlyHills),VOI.13(1982),633-652634AnnaDavinage,orbyemployinggirlsorboysasregularliving-inservantsoronadailyorweeklybasis,tolookafterbabiesandhelpwithotherdomesticorproductivewo
7、rk.Inallthesehouseholdsthen,whatevertheirparticularbranchofproductionormixofresources,allmembersofthehouseholdwereexpectedtocontributelabour,andthedifferencebetweenproductionforconsumptionandproductionforthemarketwasblurred,aswasthedifferencebetweenproduct
8、iveanddomesticlabour.Butdifferentworkwouldbeexpectedofdifferentindividuals:children’sworkwasmoreauxiliaryandrecognizedashavingalearningcomponent;whiledomesticlabour,overlappingwithproductioncentringonkitchen,
