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1、TheiDealReaderHenryDavidThoreau,‘‘The©TheMcGraw−HillBattleoftheAnts’’Companies,2000enryDavidThoreau(1817–1862),transcendentalistessayist,naturalist,editor,andsocialHcritic,wasbornDavidHenryThoreauinConcord,Massachusetts.ThoreaugraduatedfromHarvardUniversityandtaughtbrieflyataschool
2、inConcordbutresignedratherthanbeexpectedtostrikehisstudents.Heranhisownschoolfrom1838to1841,teachingLatin,Greek,andscience.In1938Thoreaualsobeganlecturing,whichhecontinuedintermittently,oftenemphasizinghisstrongoppositiontoslavery,buthismessagewasnotalwayswellreceived.Thoreaubeganh
3、islifelongfriendshipwithRalphWaldoEmersonwhenhetutoredEmerson’sbrotherWilliamin1843onStatenIsland,boardingwithEmersonandhiswife.HehelpedEmersonedittheTranscendentalistmagazineTheDial.ThoreaukeptajournalatEmerson’surging,whichaidedhiminhiswriting.HetookacanoetripwithhisbrotherJohndu
4、ringthefirsttwoweeksofSeptember1839,whichexperiencehetransformedintoavolumeofpoemsandessaysentitledAWeekontheConcordandMerrimacRivers(1849).Whilehepublished1000copieshimself,onlyabout300sold.OnJuly4,1845ThoreaumovedintoacabinontheshoresofWaldenPond,onlandbelong-ingtoEmerson,abouttw
5、omilesfromConcord,andlivedtherealoneforovertwoyears.ThoreaucondensedthisoutdoorlifeasifitwereasingleyearinhisclassicWalden:Or,LifeintheWoods(1854),inwhichhedescribeshislifestyleasexperimental,emphasizingmeditativeawakening,theresultofawish“tolivedeliberately,”toshedmaterialismandto
6、cultivateself-reliance.InJuly1846ThoreauspentanightintheConcordjailbecauseherefusedtopayalocalpolltaxinprotestagainsttheMexicanWarandAmerica’spersistenceinslavery.Thisexperienceledtothelecturewrittenas“ResistancetoCivilGovernment”andpublishedashisbest-knownessay,“CivilDisobedience.
7、”In1857ThoreaumetJohnBrownandwrote“APleaforCaptainJohnBrown,”whichbecamehismostwidelyreadpieceduringhislifetime,althoughitfailedtosaveBrown.HeevencalledforMassachusettstosecedefromtheUnionin“SlaveryinMassachusetts”(1854).Otherofhiswell-knownworksareCapeCod(1865)andTheMaineWoods(186
8、4).AccordingtohissisterSop
