01_Van de Ven & Poole 1995

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1、1995VandeVenandPoole519analysis.OrganizationalscholarswhoadoptDarwinianevolution(e.g..Hannan&Freeman.1977.1989;McKelvey.1982)arguethattraitsarein•heritedthroughintergenerationalprocesses.whereasthosewhofollowLamarck(e.g..Boyd&Richerson.1985;Burgelman.1991;Singh&Lums•den.1990;Weick.

2、1979)arguethattraitsareacquiredwithinagenerationthroughlearningandimitation.ALamarckianviewontheacquisitionoftraitsappearsmoreappropriatethanstrictDarwinismfororganizationandmanagementapplications.AsMcKelvey(1982)pointedout.strictDar•winistshavedevelopednoadequatesolutionstooperati

3、onallyidentifyanorganizationalgeneration.Darwiniantheoristsemphasizeacontinuousandgradualprocessofevolution.InTheOriginofSpecies.Darwin(1936:361)wrote."asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslight.successive.favourablevari•ations.itcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanac

4、tonlybyshortandslowsteps."Otherevolutionistspositasaltationtheoryofevo•lution.suchaspunctuatedequilibrium(Arnold&Fristrup.1982;Gould&Eldridge.1977).Whetherchangeproceedsatgradualversussaltationratesisanempiricalmatter.Thus.therateofchangedoesnotfundamen•tallyalterthetheoryofevoluti

5、on(asithasbeenadoptedbyorganizationandmanagementscholars).ThepaleontologistGould(1989)arguedthatanotherbasicdistinctionbetweenDarwinianevolutionandhispunctuatedequilibriumtheoryishierarchicallevel.Astley(1985)andBaumandSingh(1994)madethisdistinction.butTushmanandRomanelli(1985)didn

6、ot.Gould(1989)pointedoutthatclassicalDarwinismlocatesthesortingofevolutionarychangeatasinglelevelofobjects.Thissortingisnaturalselectionop•eratingthroughthedifferentialbirthsanddeathsoforganisms.asexem•plifiedinmanystudiesonorganizationalbirthanddeathratesbypopu•lationecologists.(S

7、eereviewsinCarrollandHannan.1989.andHannanandFreeman.1989.)Gould'spunctuatedequilibriummodeladdsahier•archicaldimensiontoevolutionarytheorybydistinguishingthissorting(thegrowthordeclineoforganismsofagivenspeciesthroughdifferentialbirthanddeathrates)fromspeciation(theprocessbywhichn

8、ewspeciesorasubgenusisform