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1、Chapter11TechnicalRebuildingofMovementFunctionUsingFunctionalElectricalStimulationMargitGfohler¨AbstractTorebuildlostmovementfunctions,neuroprosthesesbasedonfunctionalelectricalstimulation(FES)artificiallyactivateskeletalmusclesincorrespondingsequences,us
2、ingbothresidualbodyfunctionsandartificialsignalsforcontrol.Besidesthefunctionalgain,FEStrainingalsobringsphysiologicalandpsycho-logicalbenefitsforspinalcord-injuredsubjects.Inthischapter,currentstimulationtechnologyandthemaincomponentsofFES-basedneuroprost
3、hesesincludingenhancedcontrolsystemsarepresented.TechnologyandapplicationofFEScyclingandrowing,bothapproachesthatenablespinalcord-injuredsubjectstoparticipateinmainstreamactivitiesandimprovetheirhealthandfitnessbyexercisinglikeable-bodiedsubjects,arediscu
4、ssedindetail,andanoverviewofneuroprosthesesthataimatrestoringmovementfunctionsfordailylifeaswalkingorgraspingisgiven.11.1IntroductionInjuriesordiseasescaninterrupttheconductionofactionpotentialsintheneuralsystem.Dependingonthekindandsevereness,thismaylea
5、dtocompleteorpartiallossofcontrolofthemusclesofthelowerand/orupperextremities.Theapplicationofelectricalstimulationinarehabilitativesettingwasinitiatedin1961,whenW.T.Liberson,aphysicalrehabilitationspecialistandmedicalresearcher,developedaheelswitch-trig
6、geredpersonalelectronicstimulatordevicetocorrectfootdrop[1].Functionalelectricalstimulation(FES)aimstogeneratemovementsorfunctionswhichmimicnormalvoluntarymovementsandsorestoreM.Gf¨ohler()ResearchGroupforMachineElementsandRehabilitationEngineering,Insti
7、tuteofEngineeringDesignandLogisticsEngineering,ViennaUniversityofTechnology,Karlsplatz13,1040Vienna,Austriae-mail:margit.gfoehler@tuwien.ac.atP.Gruberetal.(eds.)BiomimeticsMaterials,StructuresandProcesses,Biological219andMedicalPhysics,BiomedicalEngineer
8、ing,DOI10.1007/978-3-642-11934-711,©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011220M.Gf¨ohlerthefunctionswhichthesemovementsserve.DevicesthataredeliveringFESareatypeofneuroprosthesis.Reactivationofskeletalmusclesandhencemovementfun
