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时间:2019-07-16
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1、4August1972,Volume177,Number4047SCIE:NC1Slessrelevancetheyseemtohavetotheveryrealproblemsoftherestofsci-ence,muchlesstothoseofsociety.TheconstructionisthypothesisbreaksdownwhenconfrontedwiththetwinMoreIsDifferentdifficultiesofscaleandcomplexity.Thebehavioroflargeandcomplexaggre-gatesofelem
2、entaryparticles,itturnsBrokensymmetryandthenatureofout,isnottobeunderstoodintermsofasimpleextrapolationoftheprop-thehierarchicalstructureofscienceertiesofafewparticles.Instead,ateachlevelofcomplexityentirelynewpropertiesappear,andtheunderstand-P.W.Andersoningofthenewbehaviorsrequiresre-sea
3、rchwhichIthinkisasfundamentalinitsnatureasanyother.Thatis,itseemstomethatonemayarraytheThereductionisthypothesismaystillplanatlon-ofphenomena;ntermsofsciencesroughlylinearlyinahierarchy,lbeatopicforcontroversyamongphi-lnownfundamentallaws.Asalways,dis-accordingtotheideaTheelementarylosophe
4、rs,butamongthegreatmajoritytinotionsofthiskindarenotunambiguous,entitiesofscienceXobeythelawsofbuttheyareclearinmostcases.SolidofactivescientistsIthinkitisacceptedstatephysics,plasmaphysics,andperhapsscienceYwithoutquestionTheworkingsofouralsobiologyareextensiveeHighenergymindsandbodles,an
5、dofalltheani-physicsandagoodpartofnuclearphysicsymateorlnanimatematterofwhichweareintensive.ThereisalwaysmuchlessstateXsolidorelementaryparticleintensiveresearchgoingonthanextensive.many-bodyphysicsphysicshaveanydetailedknowledgesareasOncenewfundamentallawsarediscov-chemistrymany-bodyphysi
6、cssumedtobecontrolledbythesameseteredsalargeandeverincreasingactivitymo-lecularbiologychemistryo£fundamentallawswhichexceptbeginsinordertoapplythediscoveriestocellbiologymolecularbiologyundercertainextremeconditionswehithertounexplainedphenomena.Thus,.feelweknowprettywell.therearetwodimens
7、ionstobasicre-.*Itseemsinevitabletogoonunerit-searchThefrontierofscienceextendsall*alongalonglinefromthenewestandmostpsychologyphyslologyicallytowhatappearsatfirstsighttomodernintenslveresearch5overtheex-soclal*.sclences.psychologybe-anobviouscorollaryofreduct
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