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1、JohnR.KozaandForrestHBennettIIIThedesignofanelectricalcircuitentailscreationofthecircuit'stopology,sizing,placement,androuting.Eachofthesetasksiseithervexatiousorcomputationallyintractable.Designengineerstypicallyperformthesetaskssequentially–thusforcingtheengineertograpplewitho
2、nevexatiousorintractableproblemafteranother.Thischapterdescribesaholisticapproachtotheautomaticcreationofacircuit'stopology,sizing,placement,androuting.Thisapproachstartswithahigh-levelstatementoftherequirementsforthedesiredcircuitandusesgeneticprogrammingtoautomaticallyandsimul
3、taneouslycreatethecircuit'stopology,sizing,placement,androuting.Theapproachisillustratedwiththeproblemofdesigningananaloglowpassfiltercircuit.Thefitnessmeasureforacandidatecircuitconsiderstheareaofthefullylaid-outcircuitaswellaswhetherthecircuitpassesorsuppressestheappropriatefr
4、equencies.Geneticprogrammingrequiresonlyabout11/2ordersofmagnitudemorecomputertimetocreatethecircuit'stopology,sizing,placement,androutingthantocreatethetopologyandsizingforthisillustrativeproblem.6.1IntroductionThedesignprocessentailscreationofacomplexstructuretosatisfyuser-def
5、inedrequirements.Designisamajoractivityofpracticingengineers.Sincethedesignprocesstypicallyinvolvestradeoffsbetweencompetingconsiderations,theendproductisusuallyasatisfactory,asopposedtoaperfect,design.Thedesignprocessisusuallyviewedasrequiringhumanintelligence.Consequently,thef
6、ieldofdesignisasourceofchallengingproblemsforautomatedtechniquesofmachinelearningandartificialintelligence.Thedesignprocessforelectricalcircuitsbeginswithahigh-leveldescriptionofthecircuit'sdesiredbehaviorandentailscreationofthecircuit'stopology,sizing,placement,androuting.Theto
7、pologyofacircuitinvolvesspecificationofthegrossnumberofcomponentsinthecircuit,thetypeofeachcomponent(e.g.,acapacitor),andanetlistspecifyingwhereeachofacomponent'sleadsaretobeconnected.Sizinginvolvesspecificationofthevalues(typicallynumerical)ofeachcomponent.Placementinvolvesthea
8、ssignmentofeachofthecircuit'scomponentstoaparti
