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1、AFieldGuidetoGeneticProgrammingRiccardoPoliDepartmentofComputingandElectronicSystemsUniversityofEssex–UKrpoli@essex.ac.ukWilliamB.LangdonDepartmentsofBiologicalandMathematicalSciencesUniversityofEssex–UKwlangdon@essex.ac.ukNicholasF.McPheeDivisionofScienceandMathema
2、ticsUniversityofMinnesota,Morris–USAmcphee@morris.umn.eduwithcontributionsbyJohnR.KozaStanfordUniversity–USAjohn@johnkoza.comMarch2008cRiccardoPoli,WilliamB.Langdon,andNicholasF.McPhee,2008ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivati
3、veWorks2.0UK:England&WalesLicense(seehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/uk/).Thatis:Youarefree:tocopy,distribute,display,andperformtheworkUnderthefollowingconditions:Attribution.Youmustgivetheoriginalauthorscredit.Non-Commercial.Youmaynotusethisworkfor
4、commercialpurposes.NoDerivativeWorks.Youmaynotalter,transform,orbuilduponthiswork.Foranyreuseordistribution,youmustmakecleartoothersthelicencetermsofthiswork.Anyoftheseconditionscanbewaivedifyougetpermissionfromthecopyrightholders.Nothinginthislicenseimpairsorrestri
5、ctstheauthors’rights.Non-commercialusesarethuspermittedwithoutanyfurtherauthorisationfromthecopyrightowners.Thebookmaybefreelydownloadedinelectronicformathttp://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk.Printedcopiescanalsobepurchasedinexpensivelyfromhttp://lulu.com.Formoreinformat
6、ionaboutCreativeCommonslicenses,gotohttp://creativecommons.orgorsendalettertoCreativeCommons,171SecondStreet,Suite300,SanFrancisco,California,94105,USA.Tocitethisbook,pleaseseetheentryfor(Poli,Langdon,andMcPhee,2008)inthebibliography.ISBN978-1-4092-0073-4(softcover)
7、PrefaceGeneticprogramming(GP)isacollectionofevolutionarycomputationtech-niquesthatallowcomputerstosolveproblemsautomatically.Sinceitsin-ceptiontwentyyearsago,GPhasbeenusedtosolveawiderangeofprac-ticalproblems,producinganumberofhuman-competitiveresultsandevenpatentab
8、lenewinventions.Likemanyotherareasofcomputerscience,GPisevolvingrapidly,withnewideas,techniquesandapplicationsbeingcon-stantlyproposed.Whi
