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1、20130201ArchitectureArchitectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminest
2、hecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarc
3、hitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchi
4、tecturalteam.Themediocredesignofmanycontemporarybuildingscanbetracedtobothclientsandarchitects.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem—ev
5、enwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworld’sarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzedintermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardforcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithstandtheforcesofcompression(pushingtogether),ten
6、sion(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuit
7、ableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinth
