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1、LETTERSPUBLISHEDONLINE:14DECEMBER2008
2、DOI:10.1038/NPHOTON.2008.249UltrafastactiveplasmonicsKevinF.MacDonald1*,ZsoltL.Sa´mson1,MarkI.Stockman2andNikolayI.Zheludev1Surfaceplasmonpolaritons,propagatingboundoscillationsofelectronsandlightatametalsurface,havegreatpotentialasControl(pump)pulseinfor
3、mationcarriersfornext-generation,highlyintegratedObjectivenanophotonicdevices1,2.Sincetheterm‘activeplasmonics’Polarizationwascoinedin20043,anumberoftechniquesforcontrollingthepropagationofguidedsurfaceplasmonpolaritonsignalshavebeendemonstrated4–7.However,withsub-microsecondDecoupledsignal20
4、0fsornanosecondresponsetimesatbest,thesetechniquesare200fslikelytobetooslowforfutureapplicationsinsuchfieldsasdatatransportandprocessing.Herewereportthatfemto-Gratingsecondopticalfrequencyplasmonpulsescanpropagatealongametal–dielectricwaveguideandthattheycanbemodulatedSPPsignalonthefemtosecond
5、timescalebydirectultrafastopticalFusedsilicaexcitationofthemetal,therebyofferingunprecedentedtera-hertzmodulationbandwidth—aspeedatleastfiveordersofmagnitudefasterthanexistingtechnologies.AlfilmTheterm‘activeplasmonics’wasintroducedin2004inapaperreportingtheconceptofusingopticallyactivatedphase
6、-changewaveguidematerialstocontrolpropagatingsurfaceplasmonpolar-Grating3cross-sectionitons(SPPs).Subsequently,reversiblechangesinwaveguidemediacausedbyheating4,5,opticalexcitationofphotochromicmolecules67Figure1
7、UltrafastopticalmodulationofSPPpropagation.Aplasmonicandinteractionsmediatedbyqu
8、antumdotshavebeenappliedtosignal,coupledtoandfromthewaveguidebygratingsonanachieveactivemodulationofoptical-frequencyplasmonicsignals.aluminium/silicainterface,ismodulatedbyopticalpumppulsesasitHowever,withswitchingtimesnoshorterthanafewtensofnano-travelsbetweenthegratings.seconds,theseareunl
9、ikelytosatisfythedemandsoffuturechip-scaledatatransportandintegratednanophotonicapplications.Althoughultrafastdynamicshavebeenobservedforcertain10mJcm22leadstoaround7.5%modulationoftheplasmonplasmon-dependentphenomena,includingtheextraordinar
