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4、4gÖyÅÄywhywecooperatewhywecooperateMichaelTomaselloBasedonthe2008TannerLecturesonHumanValuesatStanfordABostonReviewBookthemitpressCambridge,Mass.London,EnglandCop
5、yright©2009MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.mitPressbook
6、smaybepurchasedatspecialquantitydiscountsforbusinessorsalespromotionaluse.Forinformation,pleasee-mailspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.eduorwritetoSpecialSalesDepartment,ThemitPress,55HaywardStreet,Cambridge,ma02142.ThisbookwassetinAdobeGaramondbyBostonReviewandw
7、asprintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataTomasello,Michael.Whywecooperate:basedonthe2008TannerlecturesonhumanvaluesatStanfordUniversity/MichaelTomasello.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN978-0-262-0
8、1359-8(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Helpingbehavior.2.Altruism.3.Cooperativeness.4.Socialnorms.I.Title.HM1146.T662009158'.3—dc22200901963110987654321yoursContentsIntroductionixIWhyWeCooperate1Born(andBred)toHelp12FromSocialInteractiontoSocialInstitutions493WhereB
9、iologyandCultureMeet101IIForumJoanB.Silk111CarolS.Dweck125BrianSkyrms137ElizabethS.Spelke149Notes175Acknowledgments203AbouttheContributors205INTRODUCTIONIndividualsofmanyanimalspeciesexploittheexperienceandhardworkofothersbylearningthingsfromthemsocially.W
10、henindividualssociallylearntothedegreethatdifferentpopulationsofaspe-ciesdevelopdifferentwaysofdoingthings,biologistsnowspeakofculture.Inthisverybroadperspective,manyanimalspeciesliveinculturallydistinctgroups,includingavarietyofspeciesofbirds,marinemam-ma
11、ls,andprimates.Humans,ofcourse,aretheparadigmaticculturalspecies.Unliketheirnearestgreat-aperelatives,whoallliveinAfricaorAsiainthegeneralvicinityoftheequator,humanshavespreadoutallovertheglobe.Everywherethey
