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Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleumAmongthehistoricalandculturalattractionsinNanjing,thebestknownisDr.SunYatsen’sMausoleum.Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleumsitsonthesouthernslopeofthePurpleMountainintheeasternsuburbsofthecity. DesignedbyayoungarchitectLuYanzhi,themausoleumtookmorethan3yearstobuildandcost1.5millionsilverdollars. TheconstructionbeganonMarch12,1926andcompletedin1929whenDr.SunYatsenwasburiedthereonJune1. Dr.SunYatsen,alsonamedSunWenorSunZhongshan,isconsideredasthefatheroftheChinesedemocraticrevolution. BorninapeasantfamilyinGuangdongProvincein1866,hehadhisprimaryeducationinHonolulu,Hawaiisponsoredbyhiselderbrotherfrom1878to1883. Hewassosadwhenhesawthepovertyofthecountryuponhisreturn. Chinahadbeenasuperpowerforcenturies.ButsincethemiddleofQingDynastyinthe1800’s,Chinabegantodecline,whichowedagreatdealtothecorruptionsandincompetenceoftheQinggovernment.Foreigninvasionsandpeasantrebellionsmadeitevenworse. TheOpiumWarin1840endedwiththe“TreatyofNanjing”. Chinawasforcedtopayanindemnityof21millionsilverdollarsandcedeHongKongtotheGreatBritainandopen5freeportcitiestothewesterners,whichwereGuangzhou,Xiamen,Fuzhou,NingboandShanghai. FollowingwerethewarsagainlaunchedbyFrancein1883andJapanin1894. TheChinesepeoplelivedinamiserablelife. Theywerereferredtothe“sickmanoftheOrient”bythewesterners. Dr.SunYatsendreamedtosavethenationbypracticingmedicineandthatledhimtoHongKongtolearnmedicinewhenhewas21yearsold. However,itdidnotwork. TherealitymadehimgiveuphismedicalcareerinhishometownandMacaobutturntopoliticsin1893.Fromthenon,hekeptpetitioningtotheQinggovernmentforreformsbutwasneverresponded. Atgreatdisappointment,heleftthecountrylaterandwentcanvassingextensivelyintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,EuropeandJapan,tryingtowinthesympathyandsupportfromtheoverseasChinese. Withthefundsraised,heorganized“ReviveChinaLeague”-China’sfirstbourgeoisorganization. Thefollowing1905witnessedthefoundingofthe“ChineseRevolutionaryLeague”headedbyDr.SunYatsen,apartywithaclear-cutprogramof“ExpelTartars,RestoreChina,EstablishRepublic&EqualizeLand.” Dr.SunYatsenalsoputforth3democraticprinciplesof“Nationalism,Democracy&People’sLivelihood”ashispoliticalgoal. ThearmedmovementsagainsttheQinggovernmenttookplacecontinuously.Themostimportanteventfollowingwasthe1911RevolutioninWuhanledbyDr.SunYatsen,whichdrovethelastemperoroftheQingDynastyoutoftheForbiddenCityinBeijing,markingtheendoftheolddynasticsysteminChina. Inthesameyear,therepresentativesof17provincesmetinNanjingandelectedDr.SunYatsenpresidentoftheprovisionalgovernmentoftheRepublicofChina. OnJanuary1,1912itwasinNanjingwherethefirstrepublicinChinesehistorywasfoundedandDr.SunYatseninauguratedhispresidency. Unfortunatelythenewrepublicwasthreatenedbypowerfulwarlordsinthenorth. Toavoidpoliticalcrisisandsavetherepublic,Dr.SunYatsencompromisedconditionallywiththemajornorthernwarlordnamedYuanShikaiwhohadbeenpursuingthenationalpowerforalongtime. HeresignedattheendofMarch1912,butneverstoppedpursuinghisgoal.Soonafterthat,Chinawentintochaoticcivilwarsagain. Thesituationledtoaseriesofmovementslike“theSecondRevolution,”“SavetheRepublic,”“RestoretheLegislation”and“theNorthernExpeditions”inthefollowingyears. Dr.SunYatsenspentmostofhistimedealingwithwarlords. Notuntil1921,Dr.SunYatsenresumedhispresidencyinGuangzhou. AttheFirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangin1924,headoptedthepolicyof“AlliancewithRussiaandCommunists,AssistancetoPeasantsandWorkers”andofficiallyacknowledgedthecooperationbetweentheNationalistPartyandCommunistPartyinrunningthegovernment.InNovemberof1924,Dr.SunYatsen,despitehispoorhealth,madeanexpeditiontothenorthwithhisambitiontoeliminatewarlords,expelimperialistsandabrogateunequaltreaties. HewaswarmlygreetedbythousandsofpeopleuponhisarrivalinBeijing. Hemetwithmanypoliticiansandwarlords,tryingtopersuadethemtogetunitedtobuildanewChina. Buttheresultdidnotlookoptimistic. Hebecameverysickduetohardworkandhadtobehospitalized. Thediagnosisturnedouthewassufferinganadvanced-stagelivercancer. Whenherealizeditwouldnotbeverylongforhimtostayinthisworld,hedictatedhisassistant3lastwills,onetohisparty,onetotheRussiangovernmentandtheothertohiswifeMadamSongQingling. OnMarch12,1925Dr.SunYatsenpassedawayinBeijingUnionHospital.Dr.SunYatsenisagreatmanbecausehedevoted40yearsofhislifetopursuinghisdreamtooverthrowthefeudalmonarchyandbuildanuntieddemocraticChina.WhywasDr.SunYatsenburiedinNanjinginsteadofinhishometownorBeijingwherehedied? ThemausoleumsitewasfirstrecommendedtoDr.SunYatsenbytheabbotofLingguTempleforitsgoodgeomanticomen. OnedayinApril,1912whenhewenthuntingtothesitewithhisfriends,Dr.SunYatsenwasreallysoamazedbythebeautifulenvironmentthathewishedthepeoplewouldallowhimtobeburiedthereafterhisdeath. Heexpressedthisdesireagaininhissickbedin1925.Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleumisdesignedintheshapeofalibertybell,intendingtoremindpeoplenevertogetself-contented. Thewholearchitecture,fromthegateway,tothemainentrance,tabletpavilion,memorialhallandthetombvault,liesonthenorth-southaxiswith392stepsand10platformsinbetween. Thebuildingsareallconstructedwithnaturalgraniteandmarblesandcoveredbyblueglazed-tileroofs.Oppositetothebronzeincense-burneroffthesquare,standsthe12-metrehighgatewayofthreearcheswithDr.SunYatsen’shandwriting“Fraternity”carvedonitsfronttop. The480-meterlongtombavenue,linedwithpine,gingkoandmaple trees,leadstothemainentrance. Dr.SunYatsen’smotto“TheWorldBelongstothePeople”canbeseenrightabovethedoorinthemiddle. Walkingthroughit,thefirstbuildingyouwillseeisthetabletpavilionwhichhousesahugetombstone.Thetombstoneisengravedwith“PremierDr.SunisburiedherebytheChineseNationalistPartyonJune1,1929.” Fromthere,apanoramicviewofthememorialhallcanbeobtained. However,therearestill290stepstogobeforeyoureachthememorialhallonthetop. Thememorialhallstands73.33metersabovetheground.InthecenterofthememorialhallsitstheItalianwhitemarblestatueofDr.SunYatsenmountedonapedestalcarvedinbas-reliefbyaPolishsculptor. ThesurroundingwallsareinscribedwiththenationalconstitutionwrittenbyDr.SunYatsen. Beyondthememorialhallisthetombvault.Standingbythepoolinside,ifyoulookdown,youbowtoseeDr.SunYatsen’srecliningmarblestatuewithhisbodyburied5metersunderneath. Ifyoulookup,youfindtheemblemoftheNationalistPartyontheceiling.Whenyouwrapupyourhomagetourandstepdown,youwillnotonlyenjoyabird’s-eyeviewofbeautifulNanjing,butalsofeeltotallyrelievedbecauseyoudonotseeanymorethose392stepsyouhaveconquered. Notuntilthen,youwillnotunderstandhowgreatDr.SunYatsenis.MingTombThe600-year-oldMingTomb,lyingatthesouthernfootofthePurpleMountain,isthetombforZhuYuanzhang,thefirstemperoroftheMingDynastyfrom1368to1398. BornintoapoorpeasantfamilyinFengyangCounty,AnhuiProvincein1328,ZhuYuanzhanglosthisparentsinhischildhoodandbecameamonkatHuangjueTemple.In1352,hejoinedtheRedTurbanArmyledbyGuoZixin.HemarriedGuoZixin’sadopteddaughterandbecamethecommandinggenerallater.ZhuYuanzhangtookoverNanjingin1356andmadeitthecapitalin1368whenheconqueredtherestpartsofChinaandestablishedtheMingDynasty. ZhuYuanzhangbegantohavehistombbuiltin1381whenhiswifedied.Theempresswasburiedinthetombin1383.ButEmperorZhuYuanzhangdiedin1398andwasburiedhereinthesameyear. Nowwearereachingthetombgate,knownasGrandGoldenGate.MingTombisdividedintotwoparts.ThefirstpartisfromHorseDismountingArchGatetoLinxinGate,1800meterslong,servingasthetombavenue.Thesecondpartisthetombitself.Therewasoriginallyagrandredwall,22.5kilometerslong,enclosingthewholetombarea.Thetombcomplexwasverylargewithmanysplendidbuildings.100000pineswereplantedand1000deerraisedinside.Unfortunately,thislargegroupofbuildingswasruinedduringthewartime,oncebetweentheMingandQingDynastiesandtheothertimewhenTaipingPeasantArmywassuppressedbytheQingDynastyarmy.Allthewoodenstructuresweredestroyed.Howeverwecanstillseetheexquisitestonecarvingsfromthestonebasesandimaginehowitlookedlike600yearsago. AttheHorseDismountingArchGate,theinscriptioncanbeseen"Alltheofficialsmustdismountfromtheirhorsebackshere".ThisshowstheabsolutedignityofEmperorZhuYuanzhangatthattime. Hereweareatthesquarecity,alsocalledthestonetablethouse.Itstopisgonebutthesurroundingwallsandfourarchwaysarestillremaining,justlikeacastle.TheGreatMingDynastyWonderfulAchievementsandMeritsTablet,8.78metershigh,builtin1413bythethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty,isthehighestancienttabletinNanjing.Therearealtogether2746Chinesecharactersonthetablet,whichpraiseEmperorZhuYuanzhangforhisdeedsandmeritsbyhisfourthsonwhomadehimselfthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty. WhydidZhuDi,thethirdemperorerectthisstonetablet?ZhuYuanzhanghad26sons.Hisfirstsondiedin1392,sohisfirstgrandson,then16,wasnominatedtobethesuccessortoEmperorZhuYuanzhang.In1398,22-year-oldZhuYunwenbecamethesecondemperorafterhisgrandfather’sdeath.HoweverhisuncleZhuDiwastheninBeijingandfoundsomeexcusetolaunchawaragainsthim.Thefour-year-longwarendedwiththeuncle'svictory.ZhuDigrabbedthepowerandbecamethethirdemperor.WhenZhuDipraisedEmperorZhuYuanzhang,hewasactuallypraisinghimself.Originally,ZhuDiplannedtohavea72-meter-highstonetabletcarvedoutofYangshanhillintheeasternsuburbofNanjing.Sinceitwastooheavytobemoved,hegaveuphisplanandhadthissmallonemade. Thestoneanimalunderthetabletlookslikeatortoise.Itisactuallythefirstsonofthedragon,wellknownforitsstrength.ItsnameisBiXiandheisalwaysputtheretocarryimperialtablets.Accordingtothelegend,whenthestonetabletwascarved,thechiefmasoncouldhardlyhaveitmountonthebackofBiXibecauseitwastooheavy.Hewasveryworriedanddidnotknowwhattodo.Onedayhehadadream,inwhichhewastoldthatonlywhenthetabletandBiXididnotseeeachother,hewouldmakethemountingpossible.Cleverashewas,hecoveredBiXiwithmudandpushedthetabletontothebackofBiXiasyoucanseenow. Whenwepasstheimperialbridge,wecanseethesacredpathlinedwith24animals.Therearesixkindsofanimals,onepairstandingandtheotherkneeling.Thestandingpairisworkingandthekneelingresting.Theyworkontwoshifts.Thesignificanceoftheseanimalsistoshowthecountry'spowerandemperor'sinfluence,todriveawaytheevilspiritsandguardthetomb.Thefirst2pairsofanimalsarelions,kingofthebeats.Thesecond2 pairsofanimalsarecalledBiXie,amythicalanimal,suggestingjustice.Thefollowingpairsofanimalsincludecamels,elephants,unicornsandhorses.Thecamelisknownasboatinthedesertandsymbolofprosperity.Eachelephantweighs80tonsandsymbolizespeace.TheunicornrepresentsgoodluckwhileHorseloyalty. Youmaywonderhowtheseheavystoneanimalsweremovedtothisplace.Thefactisinthecoldwinter,workerssplashedwateronthegroundandpushedthestoneanimalstothepresentlocationsonthefreezingice. Two6.25meter-highstonepillarsserveasaltarsforthesacrificialofferings.ThesacredavenuemakesarightturnherejustbecausethePlumBlossomHillstandsintheway.ThehillisthetombforSunQuan,thefirstemperorofEasternWuKingdom.WhenMingTombwasconstructed,somepeoplesuggestedthatSunQuan'stombshouldbemovedaway.ButEmperorZhuYuanzhangcommentedthatSunQuanwasagoodfellowandshouldstay.Thisshowedtheemperor’smodesty.Amongthe8stonefigures,fourareministersandtheotherarewarriors. Whenwecrosstheimperialbridgeandwalkashortdistance,wereachthetombitself.Thearchgate,imperialstonetabletpavilion,thegrandhall,squarecity,grandterrace,treasurecity,treasuretopareallonthenorth-southaxis,atypicallayoutoftheancientChinesearchitecture. Thearchgatehas5doorways,withyellowglazedtiles,redwallsanddoors.Butthisgatewasrebuiltin1999. InthestonetabletpavilionbuiltinearlyQingDynasty,wecanseeaninscriptionbyEmperorKangXi,thesecondemperorofQingDynasty,"RunningthestateasprosperouslyasTangandSongDynasties".SinceQingrulerswereManchurians,EmperorKangxiwasworriedthattheHanpeoplewouldn'tfollowhim.ThisstonetabletindicatedEmperorKangXi'sdesiretobe peacefulwiththeHans.Hemade6tripsdowntosouthernChinafromBeijingandvisitedMingTombfor5times.Thistabletwaserectedherein1699duringhisthirdvisit.WecantellfromthistabletthatEmperorKangXiwasnowonderagreatemperor. ThetombisatthefootofPurpleMountain.Ithasnotbeenexcavatedbecauseofthetechnicalreasonsofpreservation. ThetombsitewasselectedbyZhuYuanzhanghimself.HowevertherehadbeenaBuddhisttemplehere.ZhuYuangzhangpacedupanddownandlookedupseteachtimewhenhewashere.Thewiseabbotinthetemplefeltitandsuggestedtotheemperorthatthetempleshouldbemovedbecausehisteachertoldhimsoinhisdream.Theemperorwashappywhenheheardthisandhadthetemplerebuilttotheeastofhistomb.LingguTemple NowweareonthewaytotheLingguTemplePark.Onourrightthereisafishingterracewithbeigeglazedtilesbuiltin1937.ItwasamonumenttoDr.SunYatsenfromtheNationalMilitaryAcademy,whichwasfoundedbyDr.SunYatsenin1924. LingguTempleliesaboutoneandahalfkilometerstotheeastofDr.SunYatsen'sMausoleum.ItwascalledJiangshanTempleintheancienttimesanditsoriginalsitewasinDulongfuatthefootofthePurpleMountain.However,intheearlydaysoftheMingDynasty(1368-1644),EmperorZhuYuanzhangchosethatplacetobuildhistomb,thusthetemplehadtobemovedandrebuiltatthepresentsiteandwasrenamedastheLingguTemplewithaninscription"TheFirstBuddhistForest"attheentrancetothemountain.Insidetheentrancethereisasecludedfootpathwiththousandsofpinetrees,verdantandluxuriant,soitiscalledthe"ValleyofSpiritDeepinPines". Itisoneofthe48attractionsinNanjing. InsidethetemplethereistheBeamlessHallbuiltin1381intheMingdynasty.Thehall,53.8meterslong,37.85meterswideand22metershigh,wasbuiltentirelyofbricksandstonesfromtoptobottomwithoutapieceofwood.Therearenineoverlappingridgesandthreedagobasdecoratingthetopridges.Insize,theBeamlessHallstandsfirstandforemostofitskindinChina.Itwasbuiltmorethan200yearsearlierthantheotherfiveofthesamekindintheotherareas:XiangtongTempleatWutaiMountain;YongzuoTempleinTaiyuan,ShanxiProvince;WannianTempleonErmeiMountaininSichuan;KaiyuanTempleinShzhouandLongchangTempleinJurongCounty.Itfarsurpassesthemallinsolidityandmagnificence.NowonderitisconsideredamasterpieceofChinesestone-brickbuildings.ThedifficultyinvolvedinitsconstructionandthecomplexityoftechniquesadoptedtestifythewisdomofthearchitecturaltechnologyofthetimeinChina. BeyondtheBeamlessHallaretheWind-through-pinesPavilionandanine-storeyed,oversixty-meter-highoctagonalpagoda,withacorridorencircledbystonerailsoneachstorey.Insidethepagodaaspiralstaircasewindstothetopthroughtheninestories.Whenonegetstothetopstoryandgazeintothedistance,onecangetaviewoftheentiremausoleumarea.CityWall Theimposingcitywall,ashighasafive-storybuilding,isthegoodimpressionofthevisitorstoNanjing. Thebuildingofthewallbeganin1366,orderedbyZhuYuanzhangwho,twoyearslater,foundedtheMingDynasty(1368-1644).Morethan200,000peopleworkedontheprojectandmanyofthemdiedbeforethewallwascompletedin1368. Thewallwas33.678kilometersincircumferenceand14.21metershighonaverage.Itwasthelongestcitywallintheworldandthecityenclosedbyitremainedtheworld'slargestuntilthe17thcentury. Inordertoguaranteethequalityofthewall,ZhuYuanzhanghadtightcontroloverthemakingofallbricks.Thebrickmakersandtheofficialswereresponsibleforoverseeingthequality.Incaseabrickwasfoundnotuptothestandard,allofthemweresupposedtobepunished. Differentfromthesquare-shapedcitywallsofmostancientChinesecities,Nanjing'swallfollowedthenaturalterrainandwasbuiltonafoundationofhugerocks.Thebrickswerecementedinwithamortaroflimemixedwithtungoilandglutinousricegruel.Manypartsofthewallarestillingoodcondition. Thecitywallhas24gates,amongwhichtheZhonghua(China)Gate,formerlycalledtheTreasurePotGate,isthelargest.Coveringanareaof15,168squaremeters,20metershigh,thegatehas4entranceswith4doors.Behindthefirstconventionaldoublepanelwoodendoor,thereare3other23-centimeter-thickverticallyslidingstonedoors.Theheavystonedoorsareliftedanddroppedwiththehelpofamechanicalwinch.Ifenemytroopsbrokethroughthefirstwoodendoor,theycouldbeseparatedandtrappedinsidebythedroppingoftheother3stonedoors.ThisstrategyisknowninChinaas"beatingdogsbehindabolteddoor." Thefirstentranceisinathree-tierbuildinginwhich27tunnelsarebuilt.Thesetunnelsarebigenoughtoaccommodatemorethan3,000soldiersandstorelargequantityoffoodandammunitions.Onitsbothsidestherearewidehorseramps.Atthetop,arostrumallowsacommandingview.Unfortunately,thisrostrumandpartsofthewallweredestroyedbytheJapaneseduringtheSecondWorldWar. NowtheNanjingMunicipalGovernmentplanstohavepartofthecitywallrepairedandsomeofthecitygatesrenovated.ConfuciusTemple TothesouthofNanjing,sitstheConfuciusTempleonthebankoftheQinhuaiRiverintheoldtown.BuiltintheSongDynasty,itistheritualplaceofworshippingandofferingsacrificestoConfucius.Butnowthewholearea,afteritsrecentrenovationandrestoration,becomesareplicaofoldlocallifeandtypicalarchitecture inMingandQingstyles.Accomplishedwiththesecondaryreconstructingprojectonthebasisofitsoriginalscalein1997,thedaintysnacksstreet,Wang'sandXie'soldresidencesinWuyiLaneandtheOrientalArtCourtyardhavebeenrestoredtoincreasetheculturalatmosphereinthetemplearea. FormerResidenceofWang'sandXie'satWuyi(BlackClothes)Lane. TheplacewastheformerarmygarrisonofWuKingdom,whichdatesbacktoover1,700yearsago.Thesoldiersworeblackclothesatthattime,hencethename,WuyiLane.InearlyEastJinDynasty,PrimeMinisterWangDaolivedhere.WuyiLanegraduallybecametheresidenceareaforWang'sandXie's(XieAnwasalsoahigh-rankingofficialduringEastJinDynasty).Duringthemid-TangDynasty,poetLinYuxivisitedWuyiLaneandsighedinhisfamouspoem,"Theswallowsfromtheresidenceofwang'sandXie'sarenowenteringtheordinarypeople'shouses".ThepoemgivesusafaintideaofthesplendorofWuyiLaneduringtheEastJinDynasty.In1997,theQinhuaiDistrictPeople'sGovernmentrenovatedWuyiLaneandFormerResidenceofWang'sandXie's.ItprovidesawonderfulplacefortouriststounderstandthehistoryofNanjingduringthesixdynasties(WuKingdom,EastJin,Song,Qi,LiangandChendynasties,229AD-589AD).Insidetheresidencetherearemanypaintings,booksandcarvingsofhistoricandartisticvalue. LocatedontheQinhuaiRiverattheConfuciusTempleArea,NanjingOrientalArtGalleryisabuildingmadeofbluebricksandtinytiles.Itsgracefulcourtyard,secludedcorridors,doorsandwindowswithcarvingsandlatticesreflectthestyleofMingandQingDynasties.Theartgallerywasalsocalled"QifengGallery",sinceitwasbuiltbyZhuQifeng,wholivedintheperiodofthelateMingandearlyQingDynastyinAnhuiProvince.ThegalleryservedasaplaceforthemeninZhufamilytostudyfortheimperialexamination.ThistypicalAnhuistylebuildingistheonlyonewellpreservedfromMingandQingperiodatConfuciusTemplearea. FoldArtExhibition Displayedhereincludekites,scentedbags,doorpaintings,batik,colouredstringknots,paper-cutting,masks,tree-rootcarvings,pyrograph,eccentricstones,andSouthChinastylepaintingsandcalligraphy,Rainflowerpebblesandwoodcarvings. ShadowPlay The1,600-year-oldshadowplayonlyexistsinChina'sHeilongjiang,HenanandNanjing.NanjingShadowPlayTroupecanplayoveradozenofactsshadowplay.Wheninvited,thetroupecanplayforathotel. LocalDelicacies NanjingOrientalArtGalleryhasarestaurantwith50seats.PeoplecantrythedelicaciesofQinhuaiRiverarea. ConfuciusTempleislocatedatthecenteroftheoldtownofNanjing.FirstbuildintheSongDynasty;ConfuciusTemplewasaplacewherestudentscametopayrespecttoConfucius.ItwasgraduallyrenovatedandexpandedtoaplacewithagroupofMingandQingstylebuildings.Astreetoflocaldelicacies,FormerResidenceofWang'sandXie'satWuyiLane,andNangjingOrientalArtGallerywererebuiltandrenovatedin1997.ConfuciusTempleAreabecomesacommercialandtouristsite.ItisagoodplacefortouriststounderstandtraditionalChineseculture. JiangnanImperialExaminationCenterwaslocatedtoeastofConfuciusTemple.ItwasfirstbuiltduringSongDynastyinagrandscale.ItwascalledJiangnanExaminationCenterbecausetherewasJiangnanProvinceinQingDynasty.ChineseemperorsbegantoselectofficialsthroughimperialexaminationfromSuiDynastyinthe7thcentury. JiangnanImperialExaminationCenterhaditsheydayduringearlyMingDynastywhenNanjingwasthecapitalofChina.Itwasfortheexaminationsatprovincelevel.Visitorstodaycanseeawatchtower,wheretheinvigilatorswatchedthestudentsduringtheexaminations,agoodnumberofstonetabletsand40cubicleswherethestudentstooktheexaminationsinthedaytimeandsleptatnight.Sometimesvisitorscanalsoseeademonstrationoftheimperialexamination.PresidentialResidence Thisplacehasahistoricalbackground.600yearsago,thiswasthemansionofPrinceofHanduringMingDynasty.DuringQingDynastyitbecametheofficeoftheViceroyofJiangnanandJiangxi.Theyear1851sawtheoutbreakofTaipingRevolution,thegreatestpeasantuprisinginChina'shistory.Inmarch,1853,thepeasantsconqueredNanjingandestablishedtheirownregimeknownas"TheKingdomofHeavenlyPeace"HongXiuquan,theHeavenlyKingoftheregime,claimedtheformerpalaceandordereditenlarged. Twowalls,asthegardencomplexwasthencalled,surroundedthepalaceofHong.Theareawithintheouterwallwascalled"TheCityofSun",whilethatwithinthemaininnerwallwascalled"ThecityoftheGoldenDragon".Thereweremanygrandbuildingswithinthetwowalls.Onbothsidesofthemainhallweregardens. In1864,whentheQingDynastyarmyoverrantheHeavenlyKingdomcapital,mostofitsbuildingsweredestroyed.Butluckily,thegardenwestofmainhall,predecessorofthepresent-dayXuyuanGarden,wassurvived. Thebeautiful,600-year-oldXuyuanGarden,locatedinNanjing,isalreadyopenedtothepublic. Occupyingonlyhalfahectare,thegardenismagnificentandelegant.Itsgreatestattractionisamarbleboat----aminiatureofthefamousoneinBeijing'sSummerPalace. TheboatcabinisfurnishedintheMingstyle.Throughlatticedwindows,visitorsenjoyalovelyviewofthelittlelakeandthesurroundingpavilionandbuildings. Thelakeisshapedlikeaporcelainvase.Itsperimeterisdottedwithmanyuniquebuildings. TheFangshengPavilion,alsocalled"mandarinDuckPavilion,"hastworoofslinkedliketwomandarinduckssleepingwiththeirneckstogether.Thedesignissymbolicoffaithfulnessbetweenamanandawoman. Apavilionnearthegarden'smaingatehasahexagonalroof,hencethename"six-cornerPavilion".TheotherbuildingsareequallycharacteristicofancientChinesearchitecture,withupturnedroofcornersandbeautifullypaintedbeams. Thewallsurroundingthegardenisdecoratedwithacurlingdragonrunningalongthetop.Theeasternwallofthegardenhasa longcorridorwithcolorfulbeams. Muralsandsteleswithinscriptionsbyfamouscalligraphersandcarverscanbeseeneverywhere. Thegardendatesbacktothe14thcenturywhenZhuYuanzhang,founderoftheMingDynasty,orderedapalacebuiltforoneofthenoblesonthepresentsiteoftheXuyuanGarden. IntheearlyQingDynastythepalacebecametheofficeoftheViceroyofJiangnanandJiangxi. Theyear1851sawtheoutbreakofTaipingRevolution,thegreatestpeasantuprisinginChina'shistory.Inmarch,1853,thepeasantsconqueredNanjingandestablishedtheirownregimeknownas"TheKingdomofHeavenlyPeace"HongXiuquan,theHeavenlyKingoftheregime,claimedtheformerpalaceandordereditenlarged. Twowalls,asthegardencomplexwasthencalled,surroundedthePalaceofHong.Theareawithintheouterwallwascalled"TheCityofSun",whilethatwithinthemaininnerwallwascalled"ThecityoftheGoldenDragon".Thereweremanygrandbuildingswithinthetwowalls.Onbothsidesofthemainhallweregardens. In1864,whentheQingDynastyarmyoverrantheHeavenlyKingdomcapital,mostofitsbuildingsweredestroyed.Butluckily,thegardenwestofmainhall,predecessorofthepresent-dayXuyuanGarden,wassurvived. WhenDr.SunYat-senwaselectedprovisionalpresidentoftheRepublicofChinaafterthe1911Revolution,hehasaWesternstyleofficebuildingputupnearthegardenwhereheheldimportantmeetingsandmetfriends. DuringtheruleoftheKuomintang,thepresidentialofficewassituatednexttothegardenuntilthePeople'sLiberationArmytookoverNanjingonApril23,1949. InthegardenthereisalsoamemorialhalltoHongXiuquan,housinganumberofvaluableculturalrelicsoftheTaipingRevolution.Therefore,theopeningofthegardennotonlyoffersChineseandforeigntouristsascenicplaceforenjoymentbutalsoserveasagoodclassroomtostudythehistoryofChina.NanjingMassacreMemorial InAugust,1937,JapaneseinvadersoccupiedShanghaiaftertheyencounteredwithstrongresistancefromtheChinesearmy.JapaneseoccupiedNanjing,thenthecapitalofChina,onDecember13,1937.TheywantedtorevengetheChineseandslaughtered300000peopleinthefirstsixweeksduringtheiroccupation.ThisisrememberedastherapeofNanjing. NanjingMassacreMuseumwasfirstbuiltin1985atoneofthemanysitesofNanjingMassacre,JiangdongGate.Itwasenlargedin1995.Themuseumcoversanareaof30000squaremeters.Mr.QiKang,thedirectorofthearchitectureresearchinstituteofSoutheastUniversity,designedit. TheinscriptioninChineseisinDengXiaoping'shandwriting,"TheMuseumofNanjingMassacrebyJapaneseInvaders".NearbyistheinscriptionofJiangZemin,"NationalyoungstersEducationalBase". Themuseumisdividedintothreeparts,exhibitiononthesquare,ruinsandphotos. Thismonumentlookslikeacross,12.13mhigh,whichsymbolizesDec13,whenNanjingfellintoJapaneseinvaders. "1937.12.13----1938.1"wastheperiodofNanjingMassacre.Thesquarepitmeansthe10000corpsepit.Here10000peoplewerekilledandburiedinthepit.Themuseumisanon-sitemuseum. Sandhasnolife,symbolizesdeath.Greenmeanslife.Littlegrassisthedesireforlife.Dovesmeanpeace.Peoplewishtherewillbenomorewar,wecanallliveinpeace. Onthisgranite,thereisasayingfromlatePremierZhouEnlai,"Pastnotforgottencanbetheteacherforfuture".ThisistheinscriptionfromPresidentJiangZemin,"withhistoryasmirror,let'sbuildbridgefuture". Thiswalliscalled"thedisasteroftheoldcity".Itconsistsofruinedcitywall,brokenweaponsandvictims.Thewhitestonessymbolizewhitebonesofthevictims.Thethemeissadnessandanger. ThesestonessymbolizetheplaceswhereJapaneseinvadeskilledtheinnocentpeople. The4-meter-highstatueis"thecallofmother".Awomanislookinganxiouslyforherlostchild.ThiswasdoneaccordingtoapicturetakenbyanAmericanpriest,John,Marger". Thecoffin-shapedhousehassomebonesdiscoveredinhisplane.Silence. From1986,Japanese-ChinaFriendshipAssociationhasbeenorganizingyoungsterseveryyeartoplanttreesinNanjing.Therearenowaltogether50000to60000trees.Theycallthisactivitygreenatonement.Insidethisbighalltherearephotos.NanjingMuseum Nanjingmuseum,firstbuiltin1933astheNationalCentralMuseum,issituatedatthesouthernsideofthePurpleMountain,withtreesandflowersaround.In1950,itwasrenamedNationalNanjingMuseum.Itcoversanareaof10000squaremeters,andhasarichcollectionofculturalrelics,amongwhichmanyarenationaltreasures.ThemuseumwasdesignedbyXuJinzhi,LiHuibai,LiangSichengandLiuDunzhen.Asweallknow,theTangDynastyarchitectureisatypicalrepresentativeofChineseancientarchitecture.Nevertheless,Tangbuildingswererarelydiscoveredthen.ButsomeLiaoDynasty(10th—12th)buildingshadbeendiscoveredandstudiedbytheChinesearchitects.Themuseum,withyellowglazedtiles,isacopyofLiaoDynastypalace.Withsolidstructureandgentlecurves,themuseumlooksmagnificentandelegant. Thenewmuseum,builtin1999,withmodernfacilities,isanimitationoftheoriginalmuseum.It’satwo-storeyedbuildingwithmorebeautifulsettingsforculturalrelics.ThefourChinesecharactersmean“richcollectionandheavenlytreasure”. Amongthe419000items,therearejade,porcelain,pottery,silkembroidery,bronze,woodcarvings,bamboocarvings,goldandsilverwares,paintings,calligraphy,andfarmingtools. NanjingYangtzeRiverBridges YangtzeRiveris6380kilometerslong,whichisthelongestriverinChinaandthethirdlongestriverintheworld.It’soriginatedfromQinghai-TibetplateauandemptiesintotheEastChinaSea.Togetherwithits700tributaries,YangtzeRivershouldersChina’s80%waterbornetraffic.TheriverserversasademarcationbetweenNorthernChinaandSouthernChina.Itisanaturalbarrier,YangtzeRivercanbecomparedwithahumanbeing.Confuciuswholived2500yearsagooncesaid,“WhenIwas15,Iwasdeterminedtolearn;WhenIwas30,Icouldmakeupmymind;WhenIwas40,Ihadnodoubts;WhenIwas50,Iunderstoodmyfate;WhenIwas60,Ihadnoargument;WhenIwas70,Icouldfollowmyheart.”Intheupperreaches,YangtzeRiveriscontainedbyitsnarrowbanks,rushingagainsttherocksalongtheThreeGorges.WhentherivergetstoYichang,itsuddenlybecomeswide,justasamangetsto30,thinkingthatheismatured.Actuallyit’sadangeroussection.Wesufferedfromfloodin1998inthemiddlesection.Nanjinghasneverbeenflooded. FormanygenerationstheChinesepeoplewishedtobuildabridgeoverthegiganticriver.Theynevermadeitwithoutmoderntechnology.ThefirstbridgeoftheYangtzeRiverwasbuiltin1957inWuhanwiththehelpfromRussians,In1950s,Russianshelpedusalotbuildrailways,bridgesandfactories.RussianscalledChineseyoungerbrothers,andChinesecalledRussianelderbrothers.ButlateronRussianCommunistPartywantedtobethefatherparty.Sothetwocommunistpartieshadmanyarguments.Theyleftoneandhalfpiersintheriver.Wedidn’tusetheirs.Westartedfromscratch.RussiansleftwiththewordsthattheChinesecouldneverbuiltabridgeoverYangtzeRiverwithoutforeignaid.Theydidn’tknowwhomtheyaretalkingto.TheChineseengineersinsistedthattheycouldbuildthisbridgeontheirown. NanjingYangtzeRiverBridgewasdesignedandbuiltbytheChinesepeoplewithdomesticmaterials.Wewentthroughmanyexperiments.Itwasreallydifficulttobuildabridgehere,becausetheriveris1577meterswideand35metersdeepcurrentisswift.Constructionstartedin1960andwascompletedin1968.TheChinesegovernmentspent280millionyuan,1milliontonsofcementand100,000tonsofsteel,500workerswereinvolvedintheconstruction. Thisisadouble-decker,double-track,railandroadbridge.Thehighwaybridgemeasures4589meterslongandtherailwaybridgetotals6772metersinlength.Thebridgeproperis1557meterslong,whichisequivalenttothewidthoftheriver.Thereare9piersintheriver.Eachpiersis80metershigh,10metersinsilt. Onbothbankstherearetwobridgeheadtowers,70metershigh.Wearenowgoingtothelifttotheviewingtower,theplatformis50metershigh.Itisagoodplacetobuybooks,postcardsandT-shirts.FromthereyoucanseeoneandhalfpiersleftbyRussians.ThehillontheleftisLionHill,ontherightit’sTigerHill.WearebuildingatowerontheLionHilltooverlooktheriver.TheTVtoweris318metershigh,the11thhigestintheworld.SincethebridgewasbuiltduringtheCulturalRevolution,sotherearesomestatuesoftheperiod.ThereareThreeRedFlags----General CommunistPartyLine,GreatLeapForwardandthePeople’sCommune.Statuesnearbyareworkers,farmers,soldiersandRedGuards.TheyholdhighMao’sRedBook,whichwasafashionthen.Wekeepthesestatuesasahistoricreminder.NanjingYangtzeRiverBridgeisoneofthelandmarksofNanjing.Wefeelveryproudofthisbridge.Beforethebridgewasbuilt,allthetrafficdependedonferryboats.Ittookatleast2hourstoferryacrossatrain.Nowittalesonlyafewminutes.Thereare200trainsand6000automobilespassing thebridgeeverydayandnight.Thebridgeisfreeoftoll.Therearenowabout20bridgesovertheYangtzeRiverandNanjinghas2.ThesecondNanjingYangtzeRiverBridgeisamodernsuspensionbridge. 11kilometersdownthestreamofthefirstone,itis21kilometerslongwith4overpasses.ThebridgewasconstructedinOctober,1997andcompletedinMarch,2001. Itisthehubofthenationalhighwaysandprovincialhighways. TotheneedofthedevelopingeconomyinJiangsuProvince,therewillbe5morebridgestobebuiltovertheYangtzeRiverinthenext10years.
