南京景点英语导游词

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南京景点英语导游词　　amongthehistoricalandculturalattractionsinnanjing,thebestknownisdr.sunyatsen’smausoleum.　　dr.sunyatsen’smausoleumsitsonthesouthernslopeofthepurplemountainintheeasternsuburbsofthebyayoungarchitectluyanzhi,themausoleumtookmorethan3yearstobuildandcostmillionsilverconstructionbeganonmarch12,1926andcompletedin1929whendr.sunyatsenwasburiedthereonjune1.　　dr.sunyatsen,alsonamedsunwenorsunzhongshan,isconsideredasthefatherofthechinesedemocraticinapeasantfamilyinguangdongprovincein1866,hehadhisprimaryeducationinhonolulu,hawaiisponsoredbyhiselderbrotherfrom1878towassosadwhenhesawthepovertyofthecountryuponhishadbeenasuperpowerforcenturies.butsincethemiddleofqingdynastyinthe1800’s,chinabegantodecline,whichowedagreatdealtothecorruptionsandincompetenceoftheqinggovernment.foreigninvasionsandpeasantrebellionsmadeitevenworse.theopiumwarin1840endedwiththe“treatyofnanjing”.chinawasforcedtopayanindemnityof21 millionsilverdollarsandcedehongkongtothegreatbritainandopen5freeportcitiestothewesterners,whichwereguangzhou,xiamen,fuzhou,ningboandwerethewarsagainlaunchedbyfrancein1883andjapaninchinesepeoplelivedinamiserablelife.theywerereferredtothe“sickmanoftheorient”bythesunyatsendreamedtosavethenationbypracticingmedicineandthatledhimtohongkongtolearnmedicinewhenhewas21years,itdidnotrealitymadehimgiveuphismedicalcareerinhishometownandmacaobutturntopoliticsin1893.　　fromthenon,hekeptpetitioningtotheqinggovernmentforreformsbutwasnevergreatdisappointment,heleftthecountrylaterandwentcanvassingextensivelyintheunitedstatesofamerica,europeandjapan,tryingtowinthesympathyandsupportfromtheoverseasthefundsraised,heorganized“revivechinaleague”-china’sfirstbourgeoisfollowing1905witnessedthefoundingofthe“chineserevolutionaryleague”headedbydr.sunyatsen,apartywithaclear-cutprogramof“expeltartars,restorechina,establishrepublic&equalizeland.”dr.sunyatsenalsoputforth3democraticprinciplesof“nationalism,democracy&people’slivelihood”ashispoliticalarmedmovementsagainsttheqinggovernmenttookplace continuously.　　themostimportanteventfollowingwasthe1911revolutioninwuhanledbydr.sunyatsen,whichdrovethelastemperoroftheqingdynastyoutoftheforbiddencityinbeijing,markingtheendoftheolddynasticsysteminthesameyear,therepresentativesof17provincesmetinnanjingandelecteddr.sunyatsenpresidentoftheprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofjanuary1,1912itwasinnanjingwherethefirstrepublicinchinesehistorywasfoundedanddr.sunyatseninauguratedhispresidency.　　unfortunatelythenewrepublicwasthreatenedbypowerfulwarlordsintheavoidpoliticalcrisisandsavetherepublic,dr.sunyatsencompromisedconditionallywiththemajornorthernwarlordnamedyuanshikaiwhohadbeenpursuingthenationalpowerforalongresignedattheendofmarch1912,butneverstoppedpursuinghisgoal.　　soonafterthat,chinawentintochaoticcivilwarssituationledtoaseriesofmovementslike“thesecondrevolution,”“savetherepublic,”“restorethelegislation”and“thenorthernexpeditions”inthefollowingsunyatsenspentmostofhistimedealingwithuntil1921,dr.sunyatsenresumedhispresidencyinthefirstnationalcongressofthechinesekuomintangin1924,headoptedthepolicyof“alliancewith russiaandcommunists,assistancetopeasantsandworkers”andofficiallyacknowledgedthecooperationbetweenthenationalistpartyandcommunistpartyinrunningthegovernment.　　innovemberof1924,dr.sunyatsen,despitehispoorhealth,madeanexpeditiontothenorthwithhisambitiontoeliminatewarlords,expelimperialistsandabrogateunequalwaswarmlygreetedbythousandsofpeopleuponhisarrivalinmetwithmanypoliticiansandwarlords,tryingtopersuadethemtogetunitedtobuildanewtheresultdidnotlookbecameverysickduetohardworkandhadtobediagnosisturnedouthewassufferinganadvanced-stageliverherealizeditwouldnotbeverylongforhimtostayinthisworld,hedictatedhisassistant3lastwills,onetohisparty,onetotherussiangovernmentandtheothertohiswifemadamsongmarch12,1925dr.sunyatsenpassedawayinbeijingunionhospital.　　dr.sunyatsenisagreatmanbecausehedevoted40yearsofhislifetopursuinghisdreamtooverthrowthefeudalmonarchyandbuildanuntieddemocraticchina.　　whywasdr.sunyatsenburiedinnanjinginsteadofinhishometownorbeijingwherehediedthemausoleumsitewasfirstrecommendedtodr.sunyatsenbytheabbotoflinggutempleforitsgoodgeomanticdayinapril,1912whenhewent huntingtothesitewithhisfriends,dr.sunyatsenwasreallysoamazedbythebeautifulenvironmentthathewishedthepeoplewouldallowhimtobeburiedthereafterhisexpressedthisdesireagaininhissickbedin1925.　　dr.sunyatsen’smausoleumisdesignedintheshapeofalibertybell,intendingtoremindpeoplenevertogetwholearchitecture,fromthegateway,tothemainentrance,tabletpavilion,memorialhallandthetombvault,liesonthenorth-southaxiswith392stepsand10platformsinbuildingsareallconstructedwithnaturalgraniteandmarblesandcoveredbyblueglazed-tileroofs.　　oppositetothebronzeincense-burneroffthesquare,standsthe12-metrehighgatewayofthreearcheswithdr.sunyatsen’shandwriting“fraternity”carvedonitsfront480-meterlongtombavenue,linedwithpine,gingkoandmapletrees,leadstothemainsunyatsen’smotto“theworldbelongstothepeople”canbeseenrightabovethedoorinthethroughit,thefirstbuildingyouwillseeisthetabletpavilionwhichhousesahugetombstone.thetombstoneisengravedwith“premierdr.sunisburiedherebythechinesenationalistpartyonjune1,1929.”fromthere,apanoramicviewofthememorialhallcanbe,therearestill290stepstogobeforeyoureachthememorial hallonthememorialhallstandsmetersabovetheground.inthecenterofthememorialhallsitstheitalianwhitemarblestatueofdr.sunyatsenmountedonapedestalcarvedinbas-reliefbyapolishsculptor.thesurroundingwallsareinscribedwiththenationalconstitutionwrittenbydr.sunthememorialhallisthetombvault.standingbythepoolinside,ifyoulookdown,youbowtoseedr.sunyatsen’srecliningmarblestatuewithhisbodyburied5metersyoulookup,youfindtheemblemofthenationalistpartyontheceiling.　　whenyouwrapupyourhomagetourandstepdown,youwillnotonlyenjoyabird’s-eyeviewofbeautifulnanjing,butalsofeeltotallyrelievedbecauseyoudonotseeanymorethose392stepsyouhaveuntilthen,youwillnotunderstandhowgreatdr.sunyatsenis.　　the600-year-oldmingtomb,lyingatthesouthernfootofthepurplemountain,isthetombforzhuyuanzhang,thefirstemperorofthemingdynastyfrom1368to1398.　　bornintoapoorpeasantfamilyinfengyangcounty,anhuiprovincein1328,zhuyuanzhanglosthisparentsinhischildhoodandbecameamonkathuangjuetemple.in1352,hejoinedtheredturbanarmyledbyguozixin.hemarriedguozixin’sadopteddaughterandbecamethecommandinggeneral later.zhuyuanzhangtookovernanjingin1356andmadeitthecapitalin1368whenheconqueredtherestpartsofchinaandestablishedthemingdynasty.　　zhuyuanzhangbegantohavehistombbuiltin1381whenhiswifedied.theempresswasburiedinthetombin1383.butemperorzhuyuanzhangdiedin1398andwasburiedhereinthesameyear.　　nowwearereachingthetombgate,knownasgrandgoldengate.mingtombisdividedintotwoparts.thefirstpartisfromhorsedismountingarchgatetolinxingate,1800meterslong,servingasthetombavenue.thesecondpartisthetombitself.therewasoriginallyagrandredwall,kilometerslong,enclosingthewholetombarea.thetombcomplexwasverylargewithmanysplendidbuildings.100000pineswereplantedand1000deerraisedinside.unfortunately,thislargegroupofbuildingswasruinedduringthewartime,oncebetweenthemingandqingdynastiesandtheothertimewhentaipingpeasantarmywassuppressedbytheqingdynastyarmy.allthewoodenstructuresweredestroyed.howeverwecanstillseetheexquisitestonecarvingsfromthestonebasesandimaginehowitlookedlike600yearsago.　　atthehorsedismountingarchgate,theinscriptioncanbe seen“alltheofficialsmustdismountfromtheirhorsebackshere”.thisshowstheabsolutedignityofemperorzhuyuanzhangatthattime.　　hereweareatthesquarecity,alsocalledthestonetablethouse.itstopisgonebutthesurroundingwallsandfourarchwaysarestillremaining,justlikeacastle.thegreatmingdynastywonderfulachievementsandmeritstablet,metershigh,builtin1413bythethirdemperorofthemingdynasty,isthehighestancienttabletinnanjing.therearealtogether2746chinesecharactersonthetablet,whichpraiseemperorzhuyuanzhangforhisdeedsandmeritsbyhisfourthsonwhomadehimselfthethirdemperorofthemingdynasty.　　whydidzhudi,thethirdemperorerectthisstonetabletzhuyuanzhanghad26sons.hisfirstsondiedin1392,sohisfirstgrandson,then16,wasnominatedtobethesuccessortoemperorzhuyuanzhang.in1398,22-year-oldzhuyunwenbecamethesecondemperorafterhisgrandfather’sdeath.howeverhisunclezhudiwastheninbeijingandfoundsomeexcusetolaunchawaragainsthim.thefour-year-longwarendedwiththeuncle’svictory.zhudigrabbedthepowerandbecamethethirdemperor.whenzhudipraisedemperorzhuyuanzhang,hewasactuallypraisinghimself.originally,zhudi plannedtohavea72-meter-highstonetabletcarvedoutofyangshanhillintheeasternsuburbofnanjing.sinceitwastooheavytobemoved,hegaveuphisplanandhadthissmallonemade.　　thestoneanimalunderthetabletlookslikeatortoise.itisactuallythefirstsonofthedragon,wellknownforitsstrength.itsnameisbixiandheisalwaysputtheretocarryimperialtablets.accordingtothelegend,whenthestonetabletwascarved,thechiefmasoncouldhardlyhaveitmountonthebackofbixibecauseitwastooheavy.hewasveryworriedanddidnotknowwhattodo.onedayhehadadream,inwhichhewastoldthatonlywhenthetabletandbixididnotseeeachother,hewouldmakethemountingpossible.cleverashewas,hecoveredbixiwithmudandpushedthetabletontothebackofbixiasyoucanseenow.　　whenwepasstheimperialbridge,wecanseethesacredpathlinedwith24animals.therearesixkindsofanimals,onepairstandingandtheotherkneeling.thestandingpairisworkingandthekneelingresting.theyworkontwoshifts.thesignificanceoftheseanimalsistoshowthecountry’spowerandemperor’sinfluence,todriveawaytheevilspiritsandguardthetomb.thefirst2pairsofanimalsarelions,kingofthebeats.the second2pairsofanimalsarecalledbixie,amythicalanimal,suggestingjustice.thefollowingpairsofanimalsincludecamels,elephants,unicornsandhorses.thecamelisknownasboatinthedesertandsymbolofprosperity.eachelephantweighs80tonsandsymbolizespeace.theunicornrepresentsgoodluckwhilehorseloyalty.　　youmaywonderhowtheseheavystoneanimalsweremovedtothisplace.thefactisinthecoldwinter,workerssplashedwateronthegroundandpushedthestoneanimalstothepresentlocationsonthefreezingice.　　twometer-highstonepillarsserveasaltarsforthesacrificialofferings.thesacredavenuemakesarightturnherejustbecausetheplumblossomhillstandsintheway.thehillisthetombforsunquan,thefirstemperorofeasternwukingdom.whenmingtombwasconstructed,somepeoplesuggestedthatsunquan’stombshouldbemovedaway.butemperorzhuyuanzhangcommentedthatsunquanwasagoodfellowandshouldstay.thisshowedtheemperor’smodesty.amongthe8stonefigures,fourareministersandtheotherarewarriors.　　whenwecrosstheimperialbridgeandwalkashortdistance,wereachthetombitself.thearchgate,imperialstonetabletpavilion,thegrandhall,squarecity,grandterrace, treasurecity,treasuretopareallonthenorth-southaxis,atypicallayoutoftheancientchinesearchitecture.　　thearchgatehas5doorways,withyellowglazedtiles,redwallsanddoors.butthisgatewasrebuiltin1999.　　inthestonetabletpavilionbuiltinearlyqingdynasty,wecanseeaninscriptionbyemperorkangxi,thesecondemperorofqingdynasty,“runningthestateasprosperouslyastangandsongdynasties”.sinceqingrulersweremanchurians,emperorkangxiwasworriedthatthehanpeoplewouldn’tfollowhim.thisstonetabletindicatedemperorkangxi’sdesiretobepeacefulwiththehans.hemade6tripsdowntosouthernchinafrombeijingandvisitedmingtombfor5times.thistabletwaserectedherein1699duringhisthirdvisit.wecantellfromthistabletthatemperorkangxiwasnowonderagreatemperor.　　thetombisatthefootofpurplemountain.ithasnotbeenexcavatedbecauseofthetechnicalreasonsofpreservation.　　thetombsitewasselectedbyzhuyuanzhanghimself.howevertherehadbeenabuddhisttemplehere.zhuyuangzhangpacedupanddownandlookedupseteachtimewhenhewashere.thewiseabbotinthetemplefeltitandsuggestedtotheemperorthatthetempleshouldbemovedbecausehisteachertoldhimsoinhisdream.theemperorwashappywhenheheard thisandhadthetemplerebuilttotheeastofhistomb.