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1、1Apr200712:18ARANRV312-PL10-06.texXMLPublishSM(2004/02/24)P1:OKZ10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054Annu.Rev.Polit.Sci.2007.10:103–26doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054Copyrightc2007byAnnualReviews.AllrightsreservedFRAMINGTHEORYDennisChongandJamesN.DruckmanDepartmentofPoliticalSc
2、ience,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,Illinois60208;email:dchong@northwestern.edu;druckman@northwestern.eduKeyWordsframing,publicopinion,politicalpreferences,politicalcommunication,contentanalysis■AbstractWereviewthemeaningoftheconceptofframing,approachestostudy-ingframing,andtheeffectsofframi
3、ngonpublicopinion.Afterdefiningframingandframingeffects,wearticulateamethodforidentifyingframesincommunicationandapsychologicalmodelforunderstandinghowsuchframesaffectpublicopinion.Wealsodiscusstherelationshipbetweenframingandpriming,outlinefutureresearchdirections,anddescribethenormativeimplic
4、ationsofframing.INTRODUCTIONTheeconomistAlbertHirschmanoncenotedthathavingopinionsmightbees-sentialtoaperson’swellbeing.Apersonshouldholdopinionsofhisownandcannothaveself-respectwithoutopinionsthatdefineandidentifyhim.Hirschman(1989,p.76)wrote,“Vacillation,indifference,orweaklyheldopinionshavel
5、ongmetwithutmostcontempt,whileapprovalandadmirationhavebeenbestowedonfirmness,fullness,andarticulationofopinion.”DespiteHirschman’sidealoffirm,full,articulateopinions,fromtheearliestby24.12.195.203on05/08/07.Forpersonaluseonly.daysofpublicopinionresearch,citizenshavebeenfoundtohavelow-qualityopi
6、nions,iftheyhaveopinionsatall.Inthepublicopinionliterature,high-qualityopinionsareusuallydefinedasbeingstable,consistent,informed,andconnectedtoabstractprinciplesandvalues.ThegeneralconclusionamongscholarsisthatAnnu.Rev.Polit.Sci.2007.10:103-126.Downloadedfromarjournals.annualreviews.orgsuchopi
7、nionsarerareinthemasspublic(e.g.,Converse1964,Zaller1992).Earlystudiesofmasspublicopinionconductedinthe1950sand1960sraisedse-riousdoubtsaboutthecompetenceofcitizenstoparticipateinpoliticalaffairs.Onthewhole,citizenswerewoefullyuninforme
