Advice for Young Investigator

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1、ChangeVieChangeVieF-XwF-XwDeDerrPPwClicktobuyNOW!wClicktobuyNOW!wmwmwowo.dock.c.dock.cu-tracu-trac2Chapter1Thehistoryofcivilizationprovesbeyonddoubtjusthowsteriletherepeatedattemptsofmetaphysicstoguessatnature’slawshavebeen.Instead,thereiseveryreasontobelievethatwhenthehumanintellec

2、tignoresrealityandconcentrateswithin,itcannolongerexplainthesimplestinnerworkingsoflife’smachineryoroftheworldaroundus.Theintellectispresentedwithphenomenamarchinginreviewbeforethesensoryorgans.Itcanbetrulyusefulandproductiveonlywhenlimitingitselftothemodesttasksofobservation,descri

3、ption,andcomparison,andofclassiªca-tionthatisbasedonanalogiesanddifferences.Aknowledgeofunderlyingcausesandempiricallawswillthencomeslowlythroughtheuseofinductivemethods.Anothercom-monplaceworthrepeatingisthatsciencecannothopetosolveUltimateCauses.Inotherwords,sciencecanneverunderst

4、andthefoundationhiddenbelowtheappearanceofphenomenaintheuniverse.AsClaudeBernardhaspointedout,researcherscannottranscendthedeterminismofphe-nomena;instead,theirmissionislimitedtodemonstratingthehow,neverthewhy,ofobservedchanges.Thisisamodestgoalintheeyesofphilosophy,yetanimposingcha

5、llengeinactualpractice.Knowingtheconditionsunderwhichaphe-nomenonoccursallowsustoreproduceoreliminateitatwill,thereforeallowingustocontrolanduseitforthebeneªtofhumanity.Foresightandactionaretheadvantagesweobtainfromadeterministicviewofphenomena.Thesevereconstraintsimposedbydetermini

6、smmayap-peartolimitphilosophyinaratherarbitraryway.1However,thereisnodenyingthatinthenaturalsciences—andespe-ciallyinbiology—itisaveryeffectivetoolforavoidingthe1LSHORTinnatetendencytoexplaintheuniverseasawholeintermsREGULARofgenerallaws.Theyarearelikeagermwithalltheneces-1LLONGJOB#

7、525CAJALAdviceforaYoungInvestigatorCH01.CHPP.2ChangeVieChangeVieF-XwF-XwDeDerrPPwClicktobuyNOW!wClicktobuyNOW!wmwmwowo.dock.c.dock.cu-tracu-tracIntroduction3saryparts,justasaseedcontainsallthepotentialitiesofthefuturetreewithinit.Nowandthenphilosophersinvadetheªeldofbiologicalscienc

8、eswiththesebeguilin