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ID:39831607
大小:692.28 KB
页数:145页
时间:2019-07-12
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1、ChangeVieChangeVieF-XwF-XwDeDerrPPwClicktobuyNOW!wClicktobuyNOW!wmwmwowo.dock.c.dock.cu-tracu-trac2Chapter1Thehistoryofcivilizationprovesbeyonddoubtjusthowsteriletherepeatedattemptsofmetaphysicstoguessatnature’slawshavebeen.Instead,thereiseveryreasontobelievethatwhenthehumanintellec
2、tignoresrealityandconcentrateswithin,itcannolongerexplainthesimplestinnerworkingsoflife’smachineryoroftheworldaroundus.Theintellectispresentedwithphenomenamarchinginreviewbeforethesensoryorgans.Itcanbetrulyusefulandproductiveonlywhenlimitingitselftothemodesttasksofobservation,descri
3、ption,andcomparison,andofclassiªca-tionthatisbasedonanalogiesanddifferences.Aknowledgeofunderlyingcausesandempiricallawswillthencomeslowlythroughtheuseofinductivemethods.Anothercom-monplaceworthrepeatingisthatsciencecannothopetosolveUltimateCauses.Inotherwords,sciencecanneverunderst
4、andthefoundationhiddenbelowtheappearanceofphenomenaintheuniverse.AsClaudeBernardhaspointedout,researcherscannottranscendthedeterminismofphe-nomena;instead,theirmissionislimitedtodemonstratingthehow,neverthewhy,ofobservedchanges.Thisisamodestgoalintheeyesofphilosophy,yetanimposingcha
5、llengeinactualpractice.Knowingtheconditionsunderwhichaphe-nomenonoccursallowsustoreproduceoreliminateitatwill,thereforeallowingustocontrolanduseitforthebeneªtofhumanity.Foresightandactionaretheadvantagesweobtainfromadeterministicviewofphenomena.Thesevereconstraintsimposedbydetermini
6、smmayap-peartolimitphilosophyinaratherarbitraryway.1However,thereisnodenyingthatinthenaturalsciences—andespe-ciallyinbiology—itisaveryeffectivetoolforavoidingthe1LSHORTinnatetendencytoexplaintheuniverseasawholeintermsREGULARofgenerallaws.Theyarearelikeagermwithalltheneces-1LLONGJOB#
7、525CAJALAdviceforaYoungInvestigatorCH01.CHPP.2ChangeVieChangeVieF-XwF-XwDeDerrPPwClicktobuyNOW!wClicktobuyNOW!wmwmwowo.dock.c.dock.cu-tracu-tracIntroduction3saryparts,justasaseedcontainsallthepotentialitiesofthefuturetreewithinit.Nowandthenphilosophersinvadetheªeldofbiologicalscienc
8、eswiththesebeguilin
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