The origins of cognitive dissonance, evidence from children and monkeys

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1、PSYCHOLOGICALSCIENCEResearchArticleTheOriginsofCognitiveDissonanceEvidenceFromChildrenandMonkeysLouisaC.Egan,LaurieR.Santos,andPaulBloomYaleUniversityABSTRACT—Inastudyexploringtheoriginsofcognitiveofpsychology,includingattitudesandprejudice(e.g.,Leippe&diss

2、onance,preschoolersandcapuchinsweregivenaEisenstadt,1994),moralcognition(e.g.,Tsang,2002),decisionchoicebetweentwoequallypreferredalternatives(twomaking(e.g.,Akerlof&Dickens,1982),happiness(e.g.,Lyu-sbomirsky&Ross,1999),andtherapy(Axsom,1989).differentstick

3、ersandtwodifferentlycoloredM&M’s,respectively).OnthebasisofpreviousresearchwithUnfortunately,despitelong-standinginterestincognitiveadults,thischoicewasthoughttocausedissonancebe-dissonance,thereisstilllittleunderstandingofitsorigins—bothcauseitconflictedwit

4、hsubjects’beliefthatthetwooptionsdevelopmentallyoverthelifecourseandevolutionarilyasthewereequallyvaluable.Wethereforeexpectedsubjectstoproductofhumanphylogenetichistory.Doescognitive-disso-changetheirattitudetowardtheunchosenalternative,nancereductionbegin

5、totakeholdonlyaftermuchexperiencedeemingitlessvaluable.Wethenpresentedsubjectswithawiththeaversiveconsequencesofdissonantcognitions,ordoeschoicebetweentheunchosenoptionandanoptionthatwasitbeginearlierindevelopment?Similarly,arehumansuniqueinoriginallyasattr

6、activeasbothoptionsinthefirstchoice.theirdrivetoavoiddissonantcognitions,oristhisprocessolderBothgroupspreferredthenovelovertheunchosenoptionevolutionarily,perhapssharedwithnonhumanprimatespecies?inthisexperimentalcondition,butnotinacontrolcondi-Todate,littl

7、eresearchhasinvestigatedwhetherchildrenortioninwhichtheydidnottakepartinthefirstdecision.nonhumanprimatesexperienceandstrivetoreducedissonance.Theseresultsprovidethefirstevidenceofdecisionratio-Inonewelcomeexceptioninthedevelopmentalliterature,nalizationinchi

8、ldrenandnonhumanprimates.Theysug-AronsonandCarlsmith(1963)foundthat4-year-oldchildrengestthatthemechanismsunderlyingcognitive-dissonancewhoobeyedanexperimenter’smildwarningnottoplaywithanreductioninhum