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1、Range-FreeLocalizationSchemesforLargeScale1SensorNetworksTianHe,ChengduHuang,BrianM.Blum,JohnA.Stankovic,TarekAbdelzaherDepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityofVirginia151Engineer'sWay,P.O.Box400740,Charlottesville,Virginia22904-4740,USA{TianHe,ch4pp,bmb5v,Stankovic,Zaher}@c
2、s.virginia.eduABSTRACT1.INTRODUCTIONWirelessSensorNetworkshavebeenproposedforamultitudeofWirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)distinguishthemselvesfromlocation-dependentapplications.Forsuchsystems,thecostandothertraditionalwirelessorwirednetworksthroughsensorandlimitationsofthehardwa
3、reonsensingnodespreventtheuseofactuatorbasedinteractionwiththeenvironment.Suchnetworksrange-basedlocalizationschemesthatdependonabsolutepoint-havebeenproposedforvariousapplicationsincludingsearchandto-pointdistanceestimates.Becausecoarseaccuracyissufficientrescue,disasterrel
4、ief,targettracking,andsmartenvironments.formostsensornetworkapplications,solutionsinrange-freeTheinherentcharacteristicsofthesesensornetworksmakealocalizationarebeingpursuedasacost-effectivealternativetonode’slocationanimportantpartoftheirstate.Forsuchmoreexpensiverange-base
5、dapproaches.Inthispaper,wenetworks,locationisbeingused(i)toidentifythelocationatpresentAPIT,anovellocalizationalgorithmthatisrange-free.whichsensorreadingsoriginate,(forexample,identifyingaWeshowthatourAPITschemeperformsbestwhenanirregulartarget’spositionduringtracking,provi
6、dingthelocationofanradiopatternandrandomnodeplacementareconsidered,andlowearthquakesurvivorburiedunderneathrubbleduringdisastercommunicationoverheadisdesired.Wecompareourworkviareliefoperations)(ii)innovelcommunicationprotocolsthatrouteextensivesimulation,withthreestate-of-t
7、he-artrange-freetogeographicalareasinsteadofIDs([13],[16],[17],[19],[35]),localizationschemestoidentifythepreferablesystemand(iii)whenprovidingotherlocationbasedservices(suchasconfigurationsofeach.Inaddition,westudytheeffectofsensingcoverage[36]andlocationdirectoryservice[20
8、]tolocationerroronroutingandtrackingperformance.Weshowthatprovidemedicalinf
