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1、THERIGHTTOPRIVACYANDAMERICANLAWWiu.iAmM.BEANEY*THENATUREOFARIGHTTOPRIVACYInhisdissentingopinioninGriswoldv.Connecticut'Mr.JusticeBlackberatedthemajorityfordiscoveringandapplyingaconstitutional"righttoprivacy."HisreadingoftheConstitutionfailedtouncoveranyprovisi
2、onorprovisionsforbiddingthepassageofanylawthatmightabridgethe"privacy"ofindividuals.Therefore,hewouldhaveupheldaConnecticutactprohibitingtheuseof,orthegivingadviceconcerningtheuseof,contraceptivedevices.IfJusticeBlackhadexaminedstateconstitutionshewouldhavefoun
3、dthemsimilarlydevoidofspecificreferencestoa"righttoprivacy."Inprivatelaw,therearestatutesandcourtdecisionsthatprotectvariousaspectsofprivacyandhumandignity,frequentlyunderpropertyorcontractconcepts,butuntilveryrecenttimesthesehavenotbeenviewedbythepublicormostl
4、egalcom-mentatorsasspellingoutacomprehensive"righttoprivacy."'Theonlyexplicitrecognitionofa"righttoprivacy"hasbeenfoundincertaintortscases,datingfromthefirstdecadeofthiscenturyandfollowingthe'suggestionofthefamousWarrenandBrandeisarticle3Thepurposeofthispaperis
5、todescribesomeofthevariedlegalstrandswhich,takentogether,arebeginningtoformthestructureofamodernrighttoprivacy,thepotentialsignificanceofwhichgreatlyexceedsthesumofmeaningsofthevariousseparatelegalrightsanddutiesthataretodaycataloguedundertherubric"righttopriva
6、cy."4Sincealloflawandall"rights"inlawrepresentauthoritativeeffortstodefineandinfluenceherelationshipofoneormoriepersonsorclassesofpersonstootherindividuals,groups,orclasses,wemustexamineprivacyasaseriesoflegalclaims*A.B.1940,HarvardUniversity;LL.B.1947,Ph.D.195
7、1,UniversityofMichigan.ProfessorofPolitics,PrincetonUniversity..Author,TrERIGHTTOCOUNS.LINAmERIcANCoURTs(I9"55);co-author[withAlpheusT.Mason],THESuPREmECOUarINAFREESOCIETY(1959).1381U.S.479,507(1965).aAnobviousexampleistheprotectionoflandownership,or,moreaccura
8、tely,thepossessoryinterestinland.Antitrespassstatutesandcommonlawrulesprotecttherightfulpossessoragainstthosewhomightinvadehisprivacy.Assaultandbatterydoctrineshaveasimilarp
