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1、7MultinationalFormationTheglobalproductionstrategiesofmultinationalcorporationsandcon-tractualnetworksareremarkablydiverse.Thischapterexplorestherangeofpossiblemultinationalforms.Webeginwithbriefdescriptionsofwell-knownmultinationalsthatoperateinverydifferentways.Wethengraduallydevelo
2、paframeworkforanalyzingthestrengthsandweaknessesofeachform.Usingthisframework,wefindthatchoosingtherightformalwaysinvolvesaconsiderationofthesamekeyissues:tradecosts,plant-leveleconomiesofscale(PLEoS),marketadvantages,andfactoradvantages.7.1ExamplesofRealWorldMultinationalFormsCharact
3、erizingtheinternationalproductionstructureofafirmisdif-ficultbecauseofthelackofpublicdataandalsothatfirmsarecon-tinuallychangingtheiroperations.Inthenextthreesubsectionswecontrasttheoperationsofthreewell-knownmultinationals:Mercedes-Benz,Nestle,andMattel.7.1.1Mercedes-BenzMercedes-Benz(
4、MB),aunitofDaimler-Chrysler,isbestknowninNorthAmericaasamakerofluxurycars.However,itisalsoamajorproducerofcommercialvehicles(trucks).Mercedes-Benzvehiclesaresoldinalmosteverycountryintheworld.MercedesoriginallyproducedallvehiclesinGermany.In1956itstartedmanufacturingtrucksandbusesina
5、factoryinBrazil.WhileitcontinuedtokeepcarproductionconcentratedinGermany,MBwentontoestablishcommercialvehicleproductioninsevenothernations1127MultinationalFormation(theUS,Canada,Mexico,Argentina,SouthAfrica,Spain,andTurkey).Intheearly1990sMBbeganproducingtheMclassofsports-utilityvehi
6、cles(SUVs)inAlabama.In1999Mercedesopenedanewplanttomakecarsinalessdevelopedcountry.Theplant,locatednearRiodeJaneiroinBrazil,expandeditsproductline-upin2001fromthecompactAClasstoalsoassembletheCclassfortheUSmarket.TheplantwillbeexpandedtoproducetheSmart,whichMercedescurrentlymakesjust
7、inHambach,France.Aroundthesametime,Mercedesalsobegantoproducearight-hand-driveversionoftheCclassinSouthAfrica,firstexportingtoAustraliabutperhapsultimatelytotheUK,Japan,Australia,NewZealand,Malta,Singapore,Malaysia,Indonesia,Thailand,HongKong,andIreland.7.1.2Nestle’sFoodProductsNestle
8、providesadra
