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1、ExperimentalstudyofthejammingtransitionatzerotemperatureXiangCheng11TheJamesFranckInstituteandDepartmentofPhysics,TheUniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois60637(Dated:May18,2009)Iexperimentallyinvestigatejamminginaquasi-two-dimensionalgranularsystemasafuncti
2、onofpackingdensityandshowthatamaximumintheheightofthefirstpeakofthepaircorrelationfunctionisastructuralsignatureofthejammingtransitionatzerotemperature.Thesamesignatureisalsofoundinthesecondpeakofthepaircorrelationfunction,butnotinthethirdpeak,reflectingtheu
3、nderlyingsingularityofjammingtransition.Ialsostudythedevelopmentofclustersinthissystem.Astaticlengthscaleextractedfromtheclusteringreachesthesizeofsystemwhenthesystemapproachesthejammingpoint.Finally,Ishowthatinahighlyinhomogeneoussystem,frictioncausesthes
4、ystemtojaminseriesofsteps.Inthiscase,jammingisobtainedthroughsuccessivebucklingofforcechains.PACSnumbers:81.05.Rm,61.43.Fs,83.80.FgI.INTRODUCTIONGlassesreturntotheliquidstateuponheating-theybecomesoftandcanflow.Sandflowingthroughapipeoroutofanorificecaneasily
5、jamandbecomerigid.Infact,largeclassesofmaterials,rangingfrompolymermeltstofoams,fromglassestodensecolloidalsuspen-sionsandgranularmatter,showasimilartransitionbe-tweenaflowingliquid-likestateandanon-equilibrium,disorderedsolidstate.Howtounderstandthenatureo
6、fthistransitionisoneofthecentralquestionsindif-ferentfieldsofmaterialscience[1,2,3,4,5].There-centlyproposedjammingphasediagramprovidesanap-proachtounifythiseffort[6,7].Insuchaphasedia-gram(Fig.1),athermalsystemssuchasgranularmediasitintheinverse-density(1/φ
7、)/shear-stress(Σ)plane,andthermalsystems,suchasglass-formingliquids,sitintheFIG.1:(coloronline).Jammingphasediagram[6,7].Theinverse-density(1/φ)/temperature(T)plane.Whende-volumeboundedbytheblacklinesneartheoriginisthecreasingthetemperature,decreasingthesh
8、earstressorjammedphase.Whenamaterialcrossestheblacklinefromincreasingthedensity,asystemgoesfromanunjammedtheoutside,itgoesthroughthejammingtransition.Thejam-mingpointalongthe1/φaxis,PointJ,ismarkedbyaredphase
